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The basic resource of all solar systems is the sun, and a knowledge of the quantity of the energy available is of prime importance. Although the solar radiation outside the atmosphere is known and almost constant, various climatic factors cause wide variations in its value on the earth's surface. In addition, the relative position of the sun with respect to local points of interest will allow surfaces with different orientations and tracking ability to receive different quantities of solar energy. This research focuses on the effect of cloud cover on the solar radiation received on the earth's surface and presents computer models that calculate its value for the best system configuration. Then a complete assessment of the electrical output of such a system is given. With this purpose in mind, two solar resource evaluation models have been developed; the first method is based on a direct statistical approach correlating clear sky total daily radiation with measured daily insolation. This approach has been applied to a few selected sites and offers the procedure for extending the same coefficients to other sites with similar weather patterns. This model has been tested for six sites in Bangladesh . These sites are located around a "reference" site . The predictions made have shown to be quite accurate. The second model uses an analytical approach that combines clear sky methods with "correction" factors which are based on long term recorded solar ra- diation. In addition, this model has been enhanced by an algorithm that selects the optimal surface orientation that maximizes solar output. Finally, the hourly electrical output of the photovoltaic system is calculated after accounting for the various losses. This is presented as part of a complete solar energy evaluation model. / M.S.

Recent satellite measurements have found the range of solar radiation flux at the mean Earth-Sun distance to be from 1365 to 1372 W/m², or 1368 W/m² to within ±0.5 percent. This regularity is considered sufficient to permit the use of solar radiation as a source of energy for inflight calibration of radiometers designed to detect electromagnetic radiation in the solar spectrum. But direct viewing of the Sun would provide a flux considerably greater than the operating range of radiometers designed to observe typical Earth scenes. Therefore an attenuator is required. The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) radiometers, operational since 1984, relied on a mirror attenuator mosaic (MAM) to attenuate the solar energy. The ERBE MAM is an array of 105 tightly packed concave spherical mirrors with a black mask covering the surface between the hemispherical cavities and partially covering the cavities themselves. In principle, the reflection of solar energy by the MAM was anticipated to be independent of the solar incidence direction. Unfortunately, flight data revealed a variation with a solar incidence angle of as much as 20 percent for flux arriving at the detector during solar calibration. An improvement of the ERBE MAM design, suppression of the black mask, and reduction of the surface area of the spherical mirrors, has been achieved for the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiometers, which will be operational sometime in the late-1990's. The topic of this thesis is the creation of a thermal-radiative model, based on the Monte-Carlo ray-trace method, to characterize the performance of the CERES MAM. The radiative analysis suggests that the current CERES MAM design is still somewhat less than optimal. The desired specifications are that the fraction of solar energy reflected by the MAM to the radiometer aperture be independent of the solar vector, and that the distribution of this reflected energy be uniform across the entire surface area of the radiometer aperture. The work reported here establishes that these specifications can be met by a simple reorientation of the MAM diffuser plate. / Master of Science

The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) active-cavity radiometers are used to measure the incoming solar, reflected solar, and emitted longwave radiation from the Earth and its atmosphere. The radiometers are carried by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 spacecraft. Four Earth-viewing nonscanning active-cavity radiometers are carried by each platform. Two of the radiometers are sensitive to radiation in the spectral range from 0.2 to 50 μm, while the other two radiometers are sensitive to radiation in the spectral range from 0.2 to 5.0 μm. Each set of radiometers comes in a wide-field-of-view (WFOV) and a medium-field-of-view (MFOV) configuration. The cavities of the shortwave (visible) radiometers are covered with a Suprasil® hemispherical dome to filter out the incoming longwave radiation. Knowledge of the optical and physical properties of the radiometers allows their responses to be predicted using a low-order physical model. A high-level, dynamic electrothermal end-to-end model which accurately predicts the radiometers dynamic output has also been completed. This latter model is used to numerically simulate the calibration procedures of the actual instruments. With calibration of the end-to-end model complete, a simulation of a phenomena referred to as the "solar blip" is conducted to investigate the instruments' responses to steep transient events. The solar blip event occurs when direct solar radiation is briefly incident to the active-cavity radiometric channels as the spacecraft passes into and out of the Earth's shadow. / Master of Science

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2013. / In this study a dose assessment is used to demonstrate conformance to national and international dose limits for workers and meets the Necsa ALARA goals for a radiological repair task. The dose assessment methodology is based on international standards, principles and criteria and involves the process of determining radiological dose, through the use of exposure scenarios, bioassay results, monitoring data, source term information, and pathway analysis. The radiological task is the replacement of the leaking steam coil on the radioactive effluent evaporator facility at Necsa. The effluent treatment facility, its operation, the origin of the radioactive effluent and hazards associated with the leaking coil are discussed. The dose assessment is supported by measurement of actual radiological conditions in the area where the task will be performed using suitable and calibrated instrumentation. The assumptions were limited to the physical phenomena associated with the behaviour of materials and available from national and international studies. The importance of proper planning of all the tasks associated with the replacement task as well as sources of inaccuracy and uncertainty associated with the calculated doses are discussed. The results of the assessment are evaluated in terms of ALARA, namely the safety fundamental principles of justification, optimisation and limitation of facilities and activities. Other dose reduction options, such as personal protective clothing and equipment, were considered to show that the doses conform to the ALARA objectives of Necsa and other operation optimisation measures.

Lau, King = 普朗克衛星測量對純量-張量比例的規範 / 劉荊. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-89). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 15, September, 2016). / Lau, King = Pulangke wei xing ce liang dui chun liang-zhang liang bi li de gui fan / Liu Jing.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 120-122.

Bibliography: p. 81-84. / Contract 1841(40)

The detonation of a radiological dispersal device (RDD) may result in casualties receiving exposure of radioactive materials. Assessments of potentially contaminated personnel are necessary to determine the level of contamination received in order to prioritize and treat individuals. The use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and the number of orphan sources in deployed and combat areas such as Iraq, present an opportunity for terrorists to use an RDD against deployed ground forces. There is limited capability in Iraq to assess radiological casualties, as the process of obtaining and analyzing bioassays is time consuming and not readily available in country. Military units are equipped with AN/VDR-2 and AN/PDR-77 radiac detectors which are capable of detecting gamma radiation. Therefore, a study of the use of these radiac sets in assessing internal contamination was conducted. A model of the detector probe was created using the Los Alamos National Laboratory Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code, MCNP Version 5. This model was experimentally validated and used in conjunction with both reference male and reference female computational Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) phantoms to compute internal dose. The instrument model was evaluated at the following locations, the posterior upper right torso, the anterior upper right torso, the lateral upper left thigh and the anterior of the neck. Nuclides were distributed throughout the phantoms using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Dose and Risk Calculation (DCAL) software for inhalation pathways. Based on the likelihood for use in RDDs and the capabilities of the instrument, Co-60, Cs-137 and Ir-192 were evaluated.

The effect of increased stratospheric dust on the polarization and intensity of sunlight scattered by the terrestrial atmosphere in the spectral region near the ultraviolet transmission cutoff is examined. Particular interest is given to radiation reflected to space or transmitted to the surface in the direction perpendicular to the incident solar beam in a plane containing the sun and the local vertical. Theoretical results are presented from radiative transfer calculations using a simple single scattering model and a four layer model in which ground reflection and multiple scattering were treated. Results show that the polarization state of transmitted radiation of .2975 μ for an incident solar zenith angle of 70° is sensitive to dust loading above 50 mb. The depolarization caused by a moderate increase in stratospheric dust loading is found to be roughly comparable to that caused by ground reflection and tropospheric aerosol. The polarization of light reflected to space is found to be very sensitive to high altitude dust scattering while being much less sensitive to other sources of depolarization. Results show that increasing the amount of stratospheric dust can cause either an increase or a decrease in the daily dosage of ultraviolet radiation at the surface, depending on the altitude profile of the dust, the latitude and the season. Preliminary experimental results or polarization monitoring by a ground-based instrument are presented and discussed. Sky light polarization ratios in the direction normal to the solar beam at .2975 μ and .300 μ based on data collected in the spring and summer of 1980 from the roof of the Physics-Atmospheric Sciences building on the campus of The University of Arizona are presented and discussed. The stratospheric dust problem is considered in terms of stratospheric aerosol enhancement resulting from volcanic activity.