Die von Gegenständen abgegebene Wärmestrahlung lässt sich mit Hilfe einer Infrarotkamera messen. Die Atmosphäre zwischen dem Gegenstand und dem Objektiv der Kamera beeinflusst die gemessene infrarote Strahlung [Becker and Li (1995)]. In diesem Artikel soll dieser Einfluss der Atmosphäre auf die langwellige Strahlung quantifiziert werden. Dabei wird die Strahlung aus dem oberen Halbraum gemessen, welche den Weg in das begrenzte Sichtfeld der Kamera findet. Die Temperaturstrahlung aus den einzelnen Winkelelementen der Atmosphäre ist abhängig von den Strahlungseigenschaften der einzelnen Luftschichten. Das verwendete Messgerät vom Typ Varioscan 3021-ST bestimmt die Strahlung im Wellenlängenbereich 8 – 14 μm. Verantwortlich für die Absorption der Strahlung ist der atmosphärische Wasserdampf in der Grenzschicht. Bei geringen Entfernungen unter einem Dekameter kann der Einfluss der Atmosphäre auf die Wärmestrahlung vernachlässigt werden. Es wird versucht die Absorptionskoeffizienten für die untere Troposphäre abzuschätzen. Es zeigt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Verteilung der Absorptionskoeffizienten mit der Verteilung des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfes. Nach Lozán (2005), befindet sich die Hälfte des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfes unterhalb von 1.5 km Höhe. Weiterhin sind nur 5 % oberhalb von 5 km angesiedelt und sogar nur 1 % in der Stratosphäre anzutreffen. Also lässt sich ein großer Teil des Wasserdampfes mit diesem Messgerät erfassen, wobei ein weiterer Vorteil in der einfachen Transportfähigkeit des Messgerätes zu sehen ist. / With the help of an infrared camera, one can measure the infrared radiation emitted by all bodies. However, the Earth’s atmosphere has a significant effect on the measurements of infrared radiation. In this article, the nature and quantification of these atmospheric effects will be discussed. Therefore we measure the radiation from the upper half space, which is coming to the camera during their field of view. The measurement of thermal radiation from the separate angels of the atmosphere depends on the properties of radiation in the different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. The measurement Varioscan 3021-ST will account for all the radiation in the wavelength from 8 to 14 μm. The water vapor in the boundary layer is accountable for the absorption of this radiation. Only on small distances under about 100 m the effect of the atmosphere on the long wave radiation is untended. The coefficients of absorption can be estimated for the lower boundary layer. One can see a very good correlation with the atmospheric water vapor. By seeing Lozán (2005), approximately half of the atmospheric water vapor is located under 1.5 km height. Only 5 % are over 5 km and just 1 % is located in die stratosphere. That way a big part of the water vapor can comprise by the measurement. Another advantage is the easy way of transportability of the measurement.

Initially unpolarized solar radiation is polarized in the atmosphere due to scattering processes at molecules and aerosols. Therefore, the measurement of the polarization state of solar radiation is of vital importance in remote sensing. A SALSA Full Stokes polarization camera measuring the complete Stokes vectors in real time is characterized within this work. The main focus lies on the radiometric calibration as well as the determination and validation of the calibration matrix based on a Data Reduction method. One main issue is the temporal instability of the calibration matrix, which gives rise to the need of a thorough calibration process. In accordance with theoretical expectations and model simulations, the SALSA Full Stokes polarization camera provides reliable measurement results under the condition of Rayleigh scattering. / Die beim Eintritt in die Atmosphäre unpolarisierte solare Strahlung wird durch Streuprozesse an Molekülen oder Aerosolpartikeln polarisiert. Die Messung des Polarisationszustandes der solaren Strahlung spielt deshalb in der Fernerkundung eine wichtige Rolle. Die vorliegende Arbeit charakterisiert eine SALSA Full Stokes Polarisationskamera, die den kompletten Stokes-Vektor in Echtzeit misst. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf der radiometrischen Kalibrierung sowie der Bestimmung und Validierung der Kalibrationsmatrix über die Methode der Datenreduktion. Die zeitliche Instabilität der Kalibrationsmatrix stellt ein großes Problem dar und stellt Anforderungen an den Umfang der Kalibrierung. Mit der SALSA Full Stokes Polarisationskamera sind zuverlässige Messungen unter einer rayleighstreuenden Atmosphäre möglich, die in Übereinstimmung mit den theoretischen Erwartungen und Modellsimulationen stehen.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第24149号 / 人博第1052号 / 新制||人||246(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1052(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 吉田 鉄平, 准教授 松井 敏明, 教授 林 晃敏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

A finite-element model describing the dynamic thermal response of an absolute active cavity radiometer is developed. The model considers thermal conduction, diffuse-specular thermal radiation and electrical heat generation. The analysis of diffuse-specular radiation is made possible by the use of the Monte Carlo method. The model is used to analyze both the steady-state and transient instrument response for operating temperatures of 5, 70 and 300 K using a 465-node system. The temperature is monitored at the locations where resistance thermometers would be mounted on thermal impedance members. Steady-state relationships between radiative input energy from a uniform diffuse source field and temperature drop between the resistance thermometers and the heat sink are found to be linear. The steady-state sensitivity of the model to a diffuse input field, determined by relating electrical input energy to radiative input energy, is found to be a function of the placement of the heater wire on the cavity but is independent of operating temperature. The transient response of the instrument to a step increase in radiative input energy is examined in both passive and active operation, and in the latter case with feedback control of the electrical heating. In passive operation, the time constants of the thermal circuit of the model are determined to be 0.35 ms, 5.38 s and 17.80 s for the operating temperatures of 5, 70 and 300 K, respectively. The effects of the electrical substitution heater feedback circuit time constant on overall model performance are determined from closed-loop active operation. Overdamped, underdamped and nearly critically damped model response is obtained for selected values of the electrical circuit time constant. / M.S.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:25:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_idilio_victoria.pdf: 1654854 bytes, checksum: 63d14081692d278d90a8f7bfc029dbb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-10 / In Brazil, most of the Institutions that measure solar radiation and the display only the global radiation incide on a horizontal surface. In the region of Pelotas - RS, the Estação Agroclimatológica de Pelotas, linked to Embrapa, has had the data of global solar radiation daily estimated from 1971 to 1992 and measurements starting in 1993. Considering that the solar systems should be installed so that a larger amount of energy is collected, the element collectors should be installed with a certain inclination related to horizontal surface and oriented to towards the Equator. That means that the radiation data made available by the Institutions that measure global solar radiation should be worked in a way that it is possible to obtain an estimation of the solar radiation incident on a sloping surface. The existing procedures used by solar system designers in Brazil to estimate the global solar radiation incident on a sloping surface, use statist methods originating from the diffuse measurement incident in other countries. With the objective of better estimating the solar radiation incident on a sloping surface and spreading the diffuse solar radiation measurement through the use of pyranometers which use photoelectric sensors, of low cost, in substitution to the thermoelectric sensors, this work describes and validates the procedures of measurement of global and diffuse solar radiation so as for these to be considered of good quality. For this experience three metallic bases were used. Two of them set up under the inspiration of the Robinson and Stoch model, attached to a radiometric platform, at CEFET RS, at a height of 19m. They received shadow bands on the measurement of diffuse radiation with the band axis in the N-S direction. Pyranometers with photoelectric sensors and thermobattery were used. The termobattery considered a secondary pattern, as reference in measurements with global and diffuse solar radiations. These, linked to the data acquisition system and to the microcomputer had the data measured interpreted in the calibrating of the pyranometers study and the measurements of the radiations mentioned before. Considering the work with solar radiation data, the recommended statistic tests were applied: medium deviation error (MBE), medium quadratic error (RMSE) and the correlational coefficient (CC). It is possible to conclude that the use of Licor LI 200 pyranometer, with the photoelectric sensor, for measurement of the global and diffuse solar radiation must be preceded by a good calibration, performed periodically. The global solar radiation data obtained presented good quality, coinciding with the values measured with the standard Eppley PSP pyranometer, observing the uncertainty of the equipments. Regarding the diffuse solar radiation measurements, although the Licor pyranometer operated under less proper conditions of performance, in other words, in very cloudy days, after the corrections due to shadowing, at atmospheric and temperature conditions, it was possible to obtain better quality results, reducing significantly the error values of MBE and RMSE. / No Brasil, a maior parte das Instituições que medem radiação solar disponibiliza apenas dados de radiação global incidente em uma superfície horizontal. Na região de Pelotas-RS, a Estação Agroclimatológica de Pelotas, vinculada à Embrapa, tem os dados de radiação solar global diária estimados desde 1971 até 1992 e medidos a partir de 1993. Considerando que os sistemas solares devem ser instalados objetivando uma maior quantidade de energia a ser captada, seus elementos captadores de radiação devem ser instalados com uma determinada inclinação em relação à horizontal e voltados para o Equador. Isso significa dizer que os dados de radiação disponibilizados pelas Instituições que medem radiação solar global devem ser trabalhados de modo que se tenha uma estimativa da radiação solar incidente em uma superfície inclinada. Os procedimentos existentes e utilizados pelos projetistas de sistemas solares no Brasil para estimar a radiação solar global incidente em uma superfície inclinada utilizam métodos estatísticos oriundos de medições da radiação difusa incidente em outros países. Com o objetivo de melhor estimar a radiação solar incidente em uma superfície inclinada e difundir a medição de radiação solar difusa através da utilização de piranômetros que utilizam sensores fotoelétricos, de baixo custo, em substituição aos que utilizam sensores termoelétricos, esse trabalho descreve e valida os procedimentos de medição e correção a serem efetuadas na realização das medições de radiação solar global e difusa a fim de que as mesmas possam ser consideradas de boa qualidade. Foram utilizadas três bases metálicas, duas montadas sob inspiração do modelo de Robinson e Stoch, fixadas em plataforma radiométrica no CEFET-RS a 19m de altura, que receberam, na medição de radiação difusa, anéis de sombreamento, com o eixo do anel na direção N-S geográfica. Usou-se piranômetros com sensores fotoelétricos e termopilha, este último, considerado padrão secundário tido como de referência, em medições de radiações solares global e difusa, que ligados a sistema de aquisição de dados e micro-computador, teve os dados medidos trabalhados e interpretados no estudo da calibração dos piranômetros e das medições das radiações citadas anteriormente. Tendo em vista o trabalho com dados de radiação solar, aplicou-se os testes estatísticos recomendados: erro do desvio médio (MBE), erro médio quadrático (RMSE) e o do coeficiente de correlação (CC). Conclui-se que o uso de piranômetro Licor LI 200, com sensor fotoelétrico, para medição de radiação global e difusa, deve ser precedido de uma boa calibração, realizada periodicamente. Os dados obtidos de radiação solar global foram de boa qualidade, praticamente coincidindo com os valores medidos com o piranômetro padrão da Eppley PSP, observadas as incertezas dos equipamentos. Com relação às medidas de radiação solar difusa, apesar de o piranômetro Licor ter operado nas condições menos propícias de desempenho, ou seja, em dias de céu muito nublado, após as correções devido ao sombreamento, à temperatura e às condições atmosféricas, obteve-se resultados de melhor qualidade, reduzindo-se significativamente os valores dos erros MBE e RMSE.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23287号 / 人博第1002号 / 新制||人||236(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||1002(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 田部 勢津久, 准教授 戸﨑 充男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry is used for exploration and environmental monitoring over large areas. Such datasets of 7-ray are acquired using large 16l NaI(T1) detector crystals mounted in an aircraft. The response of these detectors to naturally occurring radioactive isotopes is a function of detector volume, efficiency and resolution. This response is modelled using the Monte Carlo method. A photon-electron transport computer code, NIPET, is written to calculate the intrinsic efficiency and photofraction of these large prismatic crystals. The intrinsic efficiency indicates the number of incident photons that interact in some way with the detector resulting in a deposition of energy in the crystal. The photofraction, on the other hand, indicates how many of these photons that impinge on the detector are actually recorded with their full initial energy. This study presents explicity calculated photofraction values for 16l NaI(Tl) crystals. Comparison of these new values, calculated with this computer program, with that of published values for small 3" x 3" crystals shows good agreement. However, for large crystals, the calculated values differ from those in the literature by almost 15%. The study also finds that for the gamma-ray energy range between 0.2 - 3.0 MeV, these detectors have an intrinsic efficiency above 90%, whereas the photofraction values range from 80% for low energy photons to above 40% for high energy photons in the case of large crystals. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lug gamma-straal spektroskopie is nuttig vir eksplorasie en omgewings ondersoeke oor groot areas. Metings word tipies gedoen met 16l NaI(T1) detektors wat monteer is in ’n vliegtuig. Die respons van hierdie detektors ten opsigte van natuurlike radioaktiewe isotope is ’n funksie van detektorvolume, doeltreffendheid en oplosvermoë. Hierdie respons word gemodeleer deur gebruik te maak van ’n Monte Carlo tegniek. ’n Rekenaarprogram, NIPET, is geskryf om die intrinsieke doeltreffendheid en fotofraksie vir hierdie groot prismatiese kristalle te bereken. Die intrinsieke doeltreffendheid dui die breukdeel van die invallende fotone aan wat ’n interaksie ondergaan binne die detektor kristal en sodoende energie deponeer. Die fotofraksie, daarenteen, dui die breukdeel invallende fotone aan wat absorbeer word deur die kristal met hul voile invallende energie. In hierdie tesis word eksplisiete fotofraksiewaardes vir 16l NaI(T1) kristale bereken. Goeie ooreenstemming word gevind tussen fotofraksie waardes bereken met hierdie program en die waardes gepubliseer in die literatuur vir klein 3" x 3" kristalle. Vir groter kristalle is daar egter swakker ooreenstemming. Berekende fotofraksie waardes verskil met 15% van die waardes in die literatuur. Daar word ook bevind dat vir gamma-energie tussen 0.2 - 3.0 MeV, die intrinsieke doeltreffendheid vir hierdie tipe detektors bo 90% is en dat fotofraksiewaardes wissel tussen 80% vir lae energie tot bo 40% vir hoë foton energie.

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive element in the 238U decay series that is found in high concentrations in certain geological formations such as Caves. Exposure to high concentrations of radon has been positively linked to the incidence<br /> of lung cancer. This study used Electret ion chambers and the RAD7 continuous radon monitor to measure radon concentrations in the Cango Caves in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Measurements were taken during summer i.e. February 2004 and March 2005. The results for the radon activity concentrations range from the minimum of<br /> about 800 Bq.m-3 to a maximum of 2600 Bq.m-3. The two techniques give very similar results, though the Electret ion chamber results appear to be consistently higher by a few percent where measurements were taken at the same locations. A<br /> mathematical model has been developed to investigate the radon concentrations in the Cave. Diffusion and ventilation have been considered as mechanisms for explaining the distribution of radon concentrations. The ventilation rate in the Cave has been estimated under certain assumptions, and it is found to be about 7 &times / 10&minus / 6 s&minus / 1 for the Van Zyl hall which is the first large chamber in the Cave. The radon concentration increases as one goes deeper into the Cave, but then becomes fairly constant for the deeper parts. The annual effective dose that the guides are exposed to in the Cave as a result of the radon concentrations, depends strongly on the time that they spend in the Cave and in which, halls they spend most of their time in the Cave. The initial results indicate an annual effective dose of 4-10 mSv, but this needs to be further investigated.

Lau Yun Ngau, Patrick. / Bibliography: leaves 126-131 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985