Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. / Open access. "This protocol is the basis of an ongoing pilot study in conjunction with Cooley Dickinson Hospital, Northampton, MA."--P. vii. Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-121).

Le radiomarquage de molécules d’intérêt avec des isotopes radioactifs est d'un grand intérêt pour la communauté scientifique, car il influe fortement sur le processus de découverte dans les sciences de la vie et en médecine nucléaire. Les molécules radiomarquées ont été largement utilisées pour évaluer les réactions biochimiques, pour mesurer la distribution in vivo d'une substance ou pour réaliser des tests RIA (RadioImmunoAssay). En médecine nucléaire, des radiopharmaceutiques pour la thérapie par ra-dio-isotopes (RIT) et des radiotraceurs pour des expériences d'imagerie telles que la TEP (tomographie par émission de positons), la tomographie par émission monophotonique (TEMP) ou la scintigraphie ont été décrites. Plusieurs isotopes de l'iode peuvent être utilisés à la fois pour le diagnostic et le traite-ment : 123I pour l'imagerie TEMP, 124I pour la TEP, 125I pour l'analyse biologique et 131I pour la radio-thérapie et la scintigraphie.Les méthodes classiques de radio-iodation reposent sur l'utilisation d'un précurseur pré-fonctionna-lisé, qui doit être synthétisé, isolé et purifié avant d'être introduit à l'étape de radio-iodation. La méthode par radioiododéstannylation est la méthode la plus populaire, bien que les précurseurs stannylés soient connus pour leur synthèse difficile et leur toxicité. Le développement de nouvelles méthodes de radio-iodation représente donc un grand intérêt dans le domaine de la radiochimie.Sur la base de travaux antérieurs, notre groupe a mis au point une méthode de radio-iodation de N-acylsulfonamides au moyen d’une radio-iodation C-H médiée par le palladium à température ambiante. Cette stratégie originale permet le radiomarquage de molécules d’intérêt dans des conditions très douces sans utiliser de précurseurs chimiques.Sur la base de la littérature, notre groupe développe actuellement une nouvelle méthode de radio-iodation de dérivés d’arylsilanes par radioiododésilylation dans des conditions douces. Cette méthodo-logie générale permet pour le moment le radiomarquage de dérivés d'arylsilanes activés en conditions douces. / Labeling of (bio)molecules with radioactive isotopes is of high interest to for the scientific commu-nity, as it strongly impacts the discovery process in life science and nuclear medicine. Radiolabeled molecules have been extensively used to assess biochemical reactions, to measure in vivo distribution of a substance or to preform RIA (RadioImmunoAssay). In nuclear medicine, radio-therapeutics for RIT (RadioIsotope Therapy) and radio-tracers for molecular imaging experiments such as PET (Positron Emission Tomography), SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) or scintigraphy have been described. Several useful isotopes of iodine can be used for both diagnosis and therapy: 123I for SPECT imaging, 124I for PET imaging, 125I for biological assays and 131I for radio-therapy and scintig-raphy.Classical methods of radioiodination methods use a prefunctionalized precursor, which must be syn-thesized, isolated and purified before being introduced to the radio-iodination step. The radioiodode-stannylation method is the most popular method, although stannylated precursors are known for their difficult synthesis and their toxicity. The development of new methods of radioiodination is therefore of great interest in the field of radiochemistry.Based on a previous work, our group has developed a method to radio-iodinate N-acylsulfonamides through a room temperature palladium mediated C-H radio-iodination. This original strategy allows radiolabeling of biomolecules in very mild conditions without the use of chemical precursors.Based on literature, our group is now developping a new method to radio-iodinate arylsilyl derivates through radioiododesilylation in mild conditions. This general methodology allows for the moment the radiolabeling of activated arylsilyl derivates in mild conditions.

A new class of fluorous materials was developed to create a hybrid solid-solution phase strategy for the expedient preparation of 125I-labelled compounds, without the need of HPLC purification. The system is referred to as a hybrid platform in that it combines solution phase labelling and fluorous solid-phase purification in one step as opposed to two separate individual processes. Initial success was achieved by treating fluorous stannanes, coated on fluorous silica, with [125I]NaI and chloramine-T (CAT) as the oxidant, where the desired nonfluorous radiolabelled products were isolated in minutes in biocompatible solutions in high purity (>98%) free from excess starting material and unreacted radioiodine. This platform was initially developed through a model system based on a fluorous benzoic acid derivative. The platform was then validated with simple aryl and heterocyclic derivatives, known radiopharmaceuticals including meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and iododeoxyuridine (IUdR), and a new agent with high affinity for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The limitation of the platform was the presence of non-radioactive UV impurities which came from the oxidants employed. To resolve this issue a new class of fluorous oxidants based on chloramine-T (CAT, F-CAT) were prepared. F-CAT, was prepared in 87% overall synthesis yield from commercially available starting materials and found to be effective in labelling arylstannanes and proteins with [125I]NaI. The utility of the oxidant was further demonstrated in successfully preparing a radioiodinated tetrazine (125I-Tz) through a concomitant oxidation-halodemetallation reaction. 125I-Tz can be used to label biomolecules through bioorthogonal coupling reactions with prosthetic groups containing strained alkenes including norbornene and trans-cyclooctene (TCO). The reported hybrid platform labelling approach is readily accessible and requires minimal radiochemistry expertise and should therefore find widespread use. It is also noteworthy that a second generation of the fluorous oxidant, F-CAT2, was also prepared with the aim of obtaining an oxidant which has a higher solubility in perfluorinated solvents. Application of F-CAT2 for oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulphur in a fluorous-aqueous biphasic system was demonstrated. This approach offers a new metal-free approach to scrubbing sour gas wells and demonstrates that the fluorous oxidants developed here have utility beyond radiochemistry. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis describes the synthesis and radiohalogenation of compounds of potential use for tumor targeting. The first section describes the synthesis and radioiodination of DNA intercalating compounds. The compounds are derivatives of 9-aminoacridine, and the anthracyclins daunorubicin and doxorubicin. The precursor compounds were labeled with 125I (T1/2 = 60 days), which is an Auger emitting nuclide. 125I decaying in the close vicinity of DNA is known to have a much higher cell killing effect than 125I decaying in the cytoplasm and some of the labeled compounds prepared in this thesis are currently being tested for use in targeted radionuclide therapy for cancer. The second section describes the radiobromination of closo-carboranes by subjecting the corresponding iodinated compounds to palladium-catalyzed halogen exchange using [76Br]bromide. The 76Br isotope (T1/2 = 16.2 h) is a positron emitting nuclide that is suitable for PET studies. Via the halogen exchange reaction good to excellent radiochemical yields of radiobrominated closo-carboranes were obtained. The results of the present study may prove to be applicable to pharmacokinetic studies of carboranes and their derivatives. The third and final section describes the indirect radiobromination of the trastuzumab anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody and of the anti-HER2 Affibody by means of an “one-pot” procedure using N-succinimidyl-5-(tributylstannyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylate (SPC) and ((4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl))maleimide (HPEM), respectively. It was found that SPC and HPEM can be efficiently radiobrominated and thereafter coupled to the antibody and Affibody, respectively. The labeled proteins retained their capacity to bind specifically to HER2 expressing SKOV-3 cells in vitro. Application of this method to 76Br might enable the use of PET in the detection of HER2 expression in breast, ovarian, and urinary bladder carcinomas.