by So Pui-yiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-98). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by So Pui-yiu. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theory --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Characteristics of rainbows --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Rainbow angle --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Supernumerary arcs --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- High-order rainbows and interference of overlapping rainbows --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Capillary mode and its damping --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Capillary mode --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Damping of capillary modes due to viscosity --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Experiments, Results and Discussion" --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- Interference pattern of overlapping rainbows --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Time variation of interference pattern of rainbows at resonance --- p.14 / Chapter I. --- Experiment --- p.14 / Chapter II. --- Results and Discussion --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- High resonant frequencies found by using lock- in techniques --- p.32 / Chapter I. --- Experiment --- p.32 / Chapter II. --- Results and Discussion --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Comparison with fitted results --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Rainbow movements --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Rainbows formed by a focused laser beam --- p.43 / Chapter I. --- Experiment --- p.43 / Chapter II. --- Results and Discussion --- p.44 / Chapter III. --- Droplets of different sizes --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Rainbows formed by an expanded laser beam --- p.51 / Chapter I. --- Experiment --- p.51 / Chapter II. --- Results and Discussion --- p.52 / Chapter III. --- Droplets of different sizes --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- Vibration modes of droplets --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Capillary modes of the droplets --- p.63 / Chapter I. --- Comparison with theory --- p.63 / Chapter II. --- Intensity oscillations of forward scattered beam --- p.64 / Chapter III. --- Damping constant and resonance width --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Up-down mode and other types of vibration modes --- p.71 / Chapter I. --- Intensity oscillations of forward scattered beams --- p.71 / Chapter II. --- Estimation of resonant frequencies --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Excitation of droplet by acoustic pulses --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4 --- Vibration amplitudes --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusion and future outlook --- p.91 / Appendix A --- p.93 / References --- p.97

by Ng Pak Hong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-112). / Text in English; abstract also in Chinese. / by Ng Pak Hong. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of contents --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- History --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Airy Theory --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Rainbow angle --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Airy's cubic wave front --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- High-order rainbows --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Glare points --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Interference between overlapping rainbows --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- HIGH-ORDER RAINBOWS --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Experiment --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results and discussions --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- General features --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Angular positions and angular widths of rainbows --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Rainbow intensities as functions of order number --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Vertical positions of rainbows --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Vertical spreads of rainbows --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- Rainbow patterns at different values of the refractive index ..… --- p.28 / Chapter 2.6 --- Effect of eccentricity of a droplet's circumference in the equatorial plane on the rainbow angles --- p.30 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- GLARE POINTS --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experiment --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results and discussions --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General features --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Glare point position and intensity --- p.58 / Chapter A. --- Glare point position --- p.58 / Chapter B. --- Glare point intensity --- p.61 / Chapter C. --- Summary of results of glare points --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Fourier transform of rainbow patterns --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- INTERFERENCE BETWEEN OVERLAPPING RAINBOWS --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1 --- Experiment --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and discussions --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- General features --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Simulation of the interference --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Estimation of the droplet vibration amplitude and frequency --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparison with results of Lock and Woodruff --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.107 / APPENDIX A --- p.109 / References --- p.111

The purpose of this study was to investigate the depiction of rainbows in the art of Frederic Church in relation to mid-nineteenth century scientific developments in order to determine Church's reliance on contemporary concerns with light and color. An examination of four Church paintings with rainbows, three oil sketches, and nearly a dozen pencil drawings shows that Church's rainbow art represents a response to mid-century cultural values connecting science and art. Changes within Church's rainbow depictions occurred as the artist explored the visual representations of light, synthesizing the scientific knowledge of light and color available to him, and reconciling that information with the requirements of art.

yes / The aim of this paper is to examine the notion of social mechanisms by comparison with the notions of evolutionary and physical mechanisms. It is argued that social mechanisms are based on trends, and not lawlike regularities, so that social mechanisms are different from mechanisms in the natural sciences. Taking as an example of social causation the abolition of the slave trade, the paper argues that social mechanisms should be incorporated in Weber’s wider notion of adequate causation in order to achieve their explanatory purpose.

In 2007, Radiohead released a downloadable album, In Rainbows, allowing consumers to pay what they thought the album was worth. The band responded to a moment of change in the music industry. Since then, other bands, like Nine Inch Nails and Coldplay, have made similar moves. Radiohead's capability to release an album and let the fans decide its worth relied on the image they built, which foregrounded their commodification. The historic move redefined the boundaries between art and commodity, a well know tension in popular music studies. The thesis focuses on popular music as communication in the changing industry. Using Radiohead’s album as a case study, it looks at the changing boundaries in the tension between art and commodity. The thesis examines Radiohead's performance, its mediation by the press, and what the album’s distribution method meant to the fans.