The municipal association Norrvatten produces drinking water at Görväln WTP for approximately 700,000 residents in 14 member municipalities in the northern Stockholm region. To ensure the drinking water meets quality criteria, the water must be carefully monitored by the WTP. At Norrvatten there are several rapid filters that remove different types of particles, mainly residues from the previous flocculation step. The running time of the filters can be limited by a filter breakthrough, which means that the filter must be regenerated through backwashing. To detect a filter breakthrough, turbidity measurement is used. A new advanced AI method, a particle meter, from the manufacturer Uponor is installed at several locations at Görväln WTP. The particle meter is being evaluated as a possible complement to the standard turbidity measurement. The particle meter is a type of advanced image interpretation software that measures and categorizes particles that may indicate disturbances in the drinking water production.I n this project, particle meters placed on-line in three different rapid filtrates were compared with existing on-line turbidity measurements. The aim was to investigate whether the particle meter could detect a filter breakthrough earlier than a turbidimeter and whether the particle meter added any additional valuable information for drinking water production. Data from the period 1 May 2022–30 April 2023 was evaluated in Acurve and Excel. Periods where filter breakthrough occurred in filters denoted A, B and C were evaluated to see which method indicates a filter breakthrough the fastest. During the studied period, eight filter breakthroughs occurred in filter C (quartz sand), three in filter A (Filtralite NC 0,8-1,6 mm) and none in filter B (Filtralite 70% NC 0,8-1,6 mm and 30% HC 0,5-1 mm. Rapid filter B has a lower flow rate than filter A and C, which contributes to no breakthroughs being found. The particle meter could not detect a filter breakthrough faster than existing turbidimeters. However, total particles correlated with the trend of turbidity between March–June, which could be explained by the higher abundance of B-particles. During the remaining months, turbidity and total particles followed completely different trends. Therefore, the particle meter could potentially be used to detect algal blooms online early during spring, compared to the weekly laboratory analysis of algae. This is also supported by algae in raw water correlating with the trend of B-particles in the rapid filtrate. Periods where the turbidity was below 0,10 FTU and total particles exceeded 100,000 pcs/ml in filters A, B and C were selected to investigate whether the particle meter provided any additional valuable information. Six events for total particles exceeding 100,000 pcs/ml were found in filter C, two in filter A and none in filter B during the examined period. The lower flow rate as well as the material combination in Filter B could contribute to no events being found. The material in Filter A could also contribute to a lower number of events compared to Filter C. The small particle category, 3 𝜇𝑚 , dominated during these periods and is prone to false detections due to fouling of the particle meter. The particle category that correlated with total particles was small particles in filter A and a mixture of B-and F-particles in filter C. B-and F-particles often followed the same trend which could be because particles, mainly algae, have been categorized into both categories at the same time. Events where total particles >100,000 pcs/ml occur means that there are particles in the filtrate periodically which the rapid filters cannot separate, and which are not detected by the turbidimeter. However, these results could be a consequence of false detections. The particle categorization of the particle meter does not seem to be finished, as only a few of the total particles have been categorized as either B-, C-, F- or small particles. This leads to difficulty in interpreting and using the produced data. / Kommunalförbundet Norrvatten producerar dricksvatten på Görvälnverket till ungefär 700 000 invånare i 14 medlemskommuner i norra Stockholmsregionen. För att säkerställa att dricksvattnet uppfyller de kvalitetskriterier som finns måste vattnet noggrant kontrolleras av vattenverket. Hos Norrvatten finns flertalet snabbfilter som avlägsnar olika typer av partiklar, främst rester från den föregående flockningssteget. Filtrets gångtid kan begränsas av ett filtergenombrott, som leder till att filtret måste regenereras genom backspolning. För att upptäcka ett filtergenombrott används turbiditetsmätning. En ny avancerad AI-metod, en partikelmätare, från tillverkaren Uponor är installerad på flertalet platser i Görvälnverket. Partikelmätaren utvärderas som ett möjligt komplement till den vanliga turbiditetsmätningen. Partikelmätaren är en typ av avancerat bildtolkningsprogram som mäter och kategoriserar partiklar som kan indikera störningar i dricksvattenberedningen. I det här arbetet jämfördes partikelmätare placerad on-line i tre olika snabbfiltrat med existerade on-line turbiditetsmätning. Målet var att undersöka om partikelmätaren kunde upptäcka ett filtergenombrott snabbare än en turbidimeter samt om partikelmätaren tillförde någon ytterligare värdefull information för dricksvattenberedningen. Data från perioden 1 maj 2022–30 april 2023 utvärderades i Acurve och Excel. Perioder där filtergenombrott skett i filter benämnda A, B och C utvärderades för att se vilken mätare som indikerar ett filtergenombrott snabbast. Under den studerade perioden inträffade åtta filtergenombrott i snabbfilter C (kvartssand), tre i snabbfilter A (Filtralite NC 0,8–1,6 mm) och inga i snabbfilter B (Filtralite 70% NC 0,8–1,6 mm och 30% HC 0,5–1 mm. Snabbfilter B har lägre flöde än filter A och C, vilket kan vara en orsak till att inga genombrott hittades. Partikelmätaren kunde inte påvisa ett filtergenombrott snabbare än redan existerande turbidimeter. Däremot korrelerade totala partiklar med trenden för turbiditet mellan mars–juni, vilket kan förklaras av den högre förekomsten av B-partiklar. Under resterande månader följde turbiditet och totala partiklar helt olika trender. Därför skulle partikelmätaren potentiellt kunna användas för att upptäcka algblomningar on-line tidigt under våren, jämfört med de veckovisa laboratorieanalyserna av alger. Detta stöds också av alger i råvatten som korrelerar med trenden av B-partiklar i det samlade snabbfiltratet. Perioder där turbiditeten var lägre än 0,10 FTU och totala partiklar översteg 100 000 pcs/ml i filter A, B och C valdes ut i syftet att undersöka om partikelmätaren tillförde någon ytterligare värdefull information för dricksvattenberedningen. I den undersökta perioden hittades sex event där totala partiklar översteg 100 000 pcs/ml i filter C, två i filter A och inga i filter B. Den lägre flödeshastigheten samt materialkombinationen i filter B skulle kunna vara orsaken till att inga event hittades. Materialet i filter A skulle också kunna bidra till det lägre antalet event jämfört med filter C. Små partiklar, <3 μm, dominerade under dessa perioder som är en kategori där felavläsningar är vanligt vid fouling av partikelmätaren. Den partikelkategori som korrelerade med totala partiklar var små partiklar i filter A och en blandning av B-och F-partiklar i filter C. B-och F-partiklar följde ofta samma trend vilket skulle kunna bero på att partiklar, främst alger, har blivit indelade i båda kategorierna samtidigt. Att totala partiklar >100 000 pcs/ml förekommer i perioder innebär att det finns partiklar i filtratet periodvis som snabbfiltren inte kan avskilja och som inte detekteras av turbidimetern. Dessa resultat skulle dock kunna vara en konsekvens av feldetektion. Partikelkategoriseringen hos partikelmätaren verkar inte vara helt färdig hos Norrvatten då endast ett fåtal av de totala partiklarna har blivit kategoriserade som antingen B-, C-, F- eller små partiklar. Detta leder till en svårighet i att tolka och använda framtagna data.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-11-03T17:48:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lullyane de Queiroz Rodrigues Barrero - 2017.pdf: 1767328 bytes, checksum: 812e2f494e644474c6532429fef8f34b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-06T09:53:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lullyane de Queiroz Rodrigues Barrero - 2017.pdf: 1767328 bytes, checksum: 812e2f494e644474c6532429fef8f34b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T09:53:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lullyane de Queiroz Rodrigues Barrero - 2017.pdf: 1767328 bytes, checksum: 812e2f494e644474c6532429fef8f34b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-21 / The endocrine disrupting compound 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), present in female contraceptives, after consumption, is eliminated by urine and goes into the sewer system. Conventional sewage treatment methods cannot properly remove such chemical which is then carried into the receiving bodies, where they are capable of mimicking, antagonizing or negatively altering steroids levels of various aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usage potential of soil covered with Buddhas's Belly bamboo (Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa) in removing EE2 from sewage. For this, 760 mL of sanitary sewage containing 2 mg EE2/L; 2.5 mg EE2/L; 3 mg EE2/L and 3.5 mg EE2/L, were applied in 10L plastic pots, with grown Buddha's Belly bamboo plants. The drained fluid from each pot was collected, measured and subjected to EE2 concentration analysis. The efficiency of EE2 load (concentration times volume) removal was calculated and the treatments were compared. The efficiency of EE2 removal was 80.22%; 87.44%; 89.65% and 95.33% respectively for sewage with EE2 concentrations of 2 mg/L; 2.5 mg/L; 3 mg/L and 3.5 mg/L. The efficiency of EE2 removal by soil covered with bamboo increased as the concentration of hormone increased. / O desregulador endócrino 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2), presente nos anticoncepcionais femininos, após consumido é eliminado pela urina e vai para o efluente. Os sistemas convencionais de tratamento não conseguem removê-lo de forma adequada e são então dispostos nos corpos receptores, onde são capazes de mimetizar, antagonizar ou alterar de forma negativa os níveis de esteroides de vários organismos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial do uso do solo vegetado com bambu barriga de Buda (Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa) para a remoção do EE2 do efluente. Para tanto, foram aplicados 760 mL de efluente sanitário contendo concentrações de 2 mg/L; 2,5 mg/L; 3 mg/L e 3,5 mg/L de EE2, em vasos plásticos de 10 litros de capacidade volumétrica, plantados com o bambu. O líquido drenado de cada vaso foi coletado, medido e submetido a análise de determinação da concentração de EE2. Calcularam-se as eficiências de remoção da quantidade absoluta de EE2 (concentração vezes volume) e compararam-se os tratamentos. A eficiência na remoção de EE2 foi de 80,22%; 87,44%; 89,65% e 95,33%, respectivamente, para o efluente aplicado nas concentrações de 2 mg/L; 2,5 mg/L; 3 mg/L e 3,5 mg/L de EE2. A eficiência de remoção do EE2 pelo solo vegetado com bambu cresceu com a concentração de hormônio aplicada, sendo parte deste hormônio absorvido pela planta, devido a capacidade do EE2 mimetizar outros hormônios, e outra parte adsorvida no solo que atuou como filtro.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de um sistema de dupla filtração, utilizando filtro ascendente de pedregulho seguido de filtro rápido descendente na remoção de substâncias húmicas. A parte experimental foi realizada em uma instalação piloto, que utilizou como afluente a água do Ribeirão Feijão na qual foi adicionado extrato de substâncias húmicas, previamente extraído de solo turfoso por meio de extração alcalina, para que a cor verdadeira da água de estudo resultasse entre 90 e 110 uH. As condições de coagulação, como gradiente de velocidade, dosagem e pH, foram definidos em ensaios com jarteste. As taxas utilizadas no filtro ascendente em pedregulho foram de 80 e 120 m3/m2.dia e no sistema de filtração rápida descendente de 80, 120, 150, 180, 220 e 240 m3/m2.dia. As carreiras tiveram duração máxima de 72 horas. A utilização do critério de realização de Descargas de Fundos Intermediárias (DFIs), quando o efluente do Filtro Ascendente de Pedregulho (FAP) atingisse valor maior ou igual 50 uH, não permitiu aumento da cor no efluente final. O sistema de dupla filtração estudado foi eficiente na remoção de cor, atingindo diversas vezes remoção completa; outros parâmetros relativos à concentração de substâncias húmicas, como absorvância (254 nm) e Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (COD), foram removidos entre 89,1 a 93,6% e 27,5 a 48,5% respectivamente. / The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of humic substances in a double filtration system, comprising on upflow gravel prefilter followed by a rapid down flow filter. Raw water was abstracted from the influent took to the municipal water treatment Plant 2. Humic substances were extracted from peat through alkaline process. The concentrated solution was pumped to raw water in order to obtain true colour of 90-110 Hu in the influent to the pilot plant. Filtration rates studied were as follows: 80 and 120 m3/m2.day in the upflow filter 80, 120, 150, 180, 220 e 240 m3/m2.day in the down flow filter. Maximum filter run length was fixed in 72 hours. Intermediate down flushes in the upflow filter were performed during the run when the effluent colour reached 50 Hu. It is concluded that the system performed efficiently to remove colour; in most part of the effluent colour remained bellow 1 Hu. Absorbance (254 nm) removal resulted high (between 89,1% and 93,6%). Dissolved organic carbon resulted satisfactory (27,5% to 48,5%).

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de um sistema de dupla filtração, utilizando filtro ascendente de pedregulho seguido de filtro rápido descendente na remoção de substâncias húmicas. A parte experimental foi realizada em uma instalação piloto, que utilizou como afluente a água do Ribeirão Feijão na qual foi adicionado extrato de substâncias húmicas, previamente extraído de solo turfoso por meio de extração alcalina, para que a cor verdadeira da água de estudo resultasse entre 90 e 110 uH. As condições de coagulação, como gradiente de velocidade, dosagem e pH, foram definidos em ensaios com jarteste. As taxas utilizadas no filtro ascendente em pedregulho foram de 80 e 120 m3/m2.dia e no sistema de filtração rápida descendente de 80, 120, 150, 180, 220 e 240 m3/m2.dia. As carreiras tiveram duração máxima de 72 horas. A utilização do critério de realização de Descargas de Fundos Intermediárias (DFIs), quando o efluente do Filtro Ascendente de Pedregulho (FAP) atingisse valor maior ou igual 50 uH, não permitiu aumento da cor no efluente final. O sistema de dupla filtração estudado foi eficiente na remoção de cor, atingindo diversas vezes remoção completa; outros parâmetros relativos à concentração de substâncias húmicas, como absorvância (254 nm) e Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (COD), foram removidos entre 89,1 a 93,6% e 27,5 a 48,5% respectivamente. / The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of humic substances in a double filtration system, comprising on upflow gravel prefilter followed by a rapid down flow filter. Raw water was abstracted from the influent took to the municipal water treatment Plant 2. Humic substances were extracted from peat through alkaline process. The concentrated solution was pumped to raw water in order to obtain true colour of 90-110 Hu in the influent to the pilot plant. Filtration rates studied were as follows: 80 and 120 m3/m2.day in the upflow filter 80, 120, 150, 180, 220 e 240 m3/m2.day in the down flow filter. Maximum filter run length was fixed in 72 hours. Intermediate down flushes in the upflow filter were performed during the run when the effluent colour reached 50 Hu. It is concluded that the system performed efficiently to remove colour; in most part of the effluent colour remained bellow 1 Hu. Absorbance (254 nm) removal resulted high (between 89,1% and 93,6%). Dissolved organic carbon resulted satisfactory (27,5% to 48,5%).