The retention of pigments in processed raspberries is a function of the process method and conditions of subsequent storage. The presence of sucrose and the nature of the headspace gas also influences the retention of the pigment. The effect of some of the above variables on the pigments was investigated. Variables imposed were: (1) concentration of syrup, (2) headspace gas atmosphere, (3) temperature, and (4) time of storage. Separation of the pigment of Willamette red raspberries and black raspberries was made by column chromatography and the pigments were analyzed. spectrophotometrically. The results showed the following: 1. The pigments of Willamette red raspberries consisted of four separate cyanins as based on the R [subscript f] values and characteristic wavelengths of maximum absorption. The pigments of black raspberries consisted of three fractions. 2. On the basis of R [subscript f] values and wavelengths of maximum absorption only two of the constituent fractions were the same. 3. The wavelength of maximum absorption of all the anthocyanins shifted towards shorter wavelengths after the first month of storage. 4. Time and temperature of storage and their interaction each contributed significantly to the destruction of the cyanin pigments. An increase in either variable resulted in a greater destruction of the pigments. 5. As the concentration of the ingoing syrup was increased, the amount of individual cyanins decreased. 6. Oxygen in the headspace gas was shown to be detrimental to the retention of the cyanins I, II, and IV of the Willamette raspberries and to cyanins II and III of the black raspberries. 7. Changes in the total pigment concentration were greatly influenced by the cyanin in greatest concentration in the species. 8. Heat processing destroyed approximately 20 percent of the pigments of the raspberries. / Graduation date: 1963

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) is the sole member of the idaeovirus genus of plant viruses. It is a pollen-borne virus that economically impacts both red and black raspberries worldwide. Three strains of the bipartite RBDV have been reported. The common strain found in North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand and Europe and the resistance breaking strain found only in Europe are serologically indistinguishable while the black raspberry strain from North America is distinct. Resistance to RBDV is conferred by a single dominant gene, Bu. The resistance breaking strain is able to infect all raspberry cultivars containing the Bu loci. The sequence of a full-length clone of the common strain was determined and compared to the previously published sequence of the resistance breaking strain. Nucleotide homology between the two isolates was 97.6% for RNA 1 and 97.6% for RNA 2. Comparison of the predicted RNA 1 protein product of the two strains showed 97.9% homology. The predicted amino acid sequence of the movement protein and the coat protein from RNA 2 demonstrated 98.6% and 98.5% identity respectively. The differential rate of virus spread under field conditions in the Pacific Northwest was also investigated. The possibility of higher temperatures inhibiting virus infected pollen was explored by using in vitro germination and enzymatic staining procedures. Results from a two year study of virus-infected and virus-free raspberry pollen viability from both the Oregon and southern Washington region and the northern Washington and southern British Columbia region suggest temperature does not affect pollen germination or viability. Further studies were conducted to determine if a virus-degrading agent could be present on bee-stored raspberry pollen that becomes active only at higher temperatures. RBDV infected pollen from hives in northern Washington was collected and tested by ELISA after receiving either no heating or 32 hours of heating at 20, 30 or 40 C. Preliminary results indicate no such agent exists in red raspberry pollen from hives in the Pacific Northwest. / Graduation date: 2000

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1992. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-161).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-79).

The effects of poultry manure versus inorganic fertilizer use on copper, zinc and manganese concentrations and the sustainability of metal contents under raspberry cultivation was investigated on two aeolian soils in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Total elemental analysis by a teflon bomb procedure using reverse aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid was done on soils sampled at three depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and +40 cm) and results were compared to metal contents extracted by the Mehlich III method. High variability of some of the soil data was attributed to mixing of the loess capping with the underlying glacio-fluvial outwash material, differences in site conditions of the test fields, variations in sampling depth, and inadequate analytical reproducibility at the low concentrations found in some of the soils. For the variables tested, differences between sites most often occurred in the first 30 cm and never at the +40 cm depth. Higher contents in the 0-30 cm depth than in the lower depths indicated an enrichment of the surface layers either by anthropogenic inputs or by bioaccumulation. Poultry manure applications had a significant effect on organic matter content, total and available manganese, and total and available zinc in both soils studied. The comparison of the manured versus the inorganically fertilized site indicated that zinc was the metal most effected by the manure application. The other metals were not significantly increased by poultry manure amendments. The comparison of the site that had been under long-term raspberry cultivation against the site that had been only recently converted to raspberries from long-term pasture cover, showed that long-term raspberry cultivation reduced metal and organic matter contents in the 0-15 cm depth and increased these variables in the 15-30 cm depth. It was hypothesised that this was in direct response to differing biocycling patterns under different land uses. Total and available manganese and zinc were strongly interconnected and their correlation to the organic matter content appeared most interesting in terms of fluxes between the various soil components. inorganically fertilized site indicated that zinc was the metal most effected by the manure application. The other metals were not significantly increased by poultry manure amendments. The comparison of the site that had been under long-term raspberry cultivation against the site that had been only recently converted to raspberries from long-term pasture cover, showed that long-term raspberry cultivation reduced metal and organic matter contents in the 0-15 cm depth and increased these variables in the 15-30 cm depth. It was hypothesised that this was in direct response to differing biocycling patterns under different land uses. Total and available manganese and zinc were strongly interconnected and their correlation to the organic matter content appeared most interesting in terms of fluxes between the various soil components. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

Regeneration and transformation protocols for 'Comet' red raspberry were optimized with the purpose of making the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer system efficient for this crop. Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf discs was improved using explants 10 mm in diameter and transferring to fresh medium at the fourth week of incubation. Additions of liquid medium to solid medium during incubation decreased regeneration and attempts to release the suppressive influence of larger shoots on initials (apical dominance) did not succeed. The presence of claforan did not affect shoot regeneration, but inoculations with Agrobacterium and the presence of kanamycin decreased regeneration moderately or considerably, respectively. The threshold for kanamycin concentration for screening for kanamycin resistant transformed raspberry tissue was 30 to 40 mg l$ sp{-1}.$ The best co-incubation interval between wild-type Agrobacterium and 'Comet' leaf discs ranged from 2 days for highly virulent strains to 3 or more days for moderate to low virulent strains. Among several wild-type strains, C58 was chosen as the most appropriate partially because a disarmed form was commercially available for use as a non-oncogenic vector for transformation of red raspberry. / The binary plasmid pBI121 containing the marker genes NPTII and GUS encoding kanamycin resistance and $ beta$-glucuronidase activity, respectively, was successfully introduced into the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404, which is a disarmed C58 derivative. Transformation of 'Comet' red raspberry was apparently achieved by inoculating leaf disc explants with LBA4404 containing pBI121. The probable integration and expression of the foreign genes into the plant cells were confirmed by screening for kanamycin resistance, GUS assays and Southern blot analyses. This transformation system appears to be effective and may be useful in further studies on red raspberry for both introduction of genes for desirable agronomic traits and basic studies of gene expression.

An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system of purple raspberry ‘Amethyst’ was established after a series of experiments that determined the effect of genotype, inoculum density, and co-cultivation time on transformation. In this study, a plant regeneration protocol was established for ‘Joan J’ and ‘Polana’ (the regeneration protocol of ‘Amethyst’ was previously developed). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was conducted for all three cultivars. The minimum killing level of hygromycin B and kanamycin was determined. Inoculum density and co-cultivation time were optimized. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) verified a successful transformation of ‘Amethyst’ with the frequency of 3.3 ~ 4.4 % when leaves were infected with Agrobacterium EHA105 at the cell density of OD600 0.3 and co-cultivated for 3 days in the medium with 25.0 mg∙l-1 kanamycin. Transgenic lines with the PtFIT gene were hydroponically grown under iron sufficiency or deficiency. The real-time quantitative PCR verified the gene expression in response to iron sufficiency and deficiency conditions.

No description available.