Factoring is a financial tool, which allows companies to gain money before the maturity of the invoices issued by them. Factoring can be provided as a regression or non-recourse. The accounting of factoring is based on the form of factoring. Recognition should be fundamentally based on economic substance of transactions rather than the legal status declared for example by contracts. Non-recourse factoring is based on assignment of receivables and regressive factoring is rather receivables management. The issue of accounting for factoring is not yet finally resolved officially.

The main objective of this theses is to provide a comprehensive view of the issue of receivables creation, evidence, securing and eventual debt recovery and about the way of its recording in accounting. The theses is divided into five chapters which focus on the receivables definition itself, the way of their recording in the accountancy, their securing, on debts after due date and on creation of bad debt allowance.

The thesis is focused on the management of trade receivables. The first part of the thesis deals with the definition of trade receivables and describes their importance to the company. In the following section it is mentioned the significance of internal directive, related evidence and valuation of trade receivables with an emphasis on accounting and tax issues from the perspective of the Czech legislation. The next chapter is devoted to the entire process of management of trade receivables. There are described particular sections of the process from securing receivables to debts collection. In the fourth part there are solved overdue receivables and their accounting and tax solutions. In the conclusion I analyze management of trade receivables in a particular company.

This thesis is devoted to the issues of receivables from business relations. The work assesses the way of management, the role of the management and the subject of receivables in the financial management of a selected company. Furthermore, the thesis aims to evaluate the interconnection of receivables within the entire enterprise. Data collection and analysis of the interconnection of the system of receivables management were carried out in close collaboration with the company's employees. The objective of the work is to provide a comprehensive view of receivables and to evaluate their management. On the basis of the acquired information and executed analyses, recommendations and proposals are suggested. The offered recommendations should enable the enterprise to improve and streamline the management of receivables and will be presented to the company's management. The work is based on the findings of expert literature listed in the bibliography.

The thesis is dedicated to the issue of receivables. The thesis explains the reasons of creation of receivables and legal context. The accounting part of the thesis deals with accounting practices along with their demonstration on concrete examples. Tax section examines the receivables in terms of income tax and value added tax. The practical part analyzes overdue receivables of eight companies.

A presente pesquisa tomou como base a vivência do autor em sua empresa de cobrança educacional, a CAMARGO RODRIGUES. A empresa foi constituída em 1996 com o objetivo de cobrar mensalidades atrasadas de Instituições de Ensino Superior Privadas. Ocorre que, a partir de 2009, a empresa começou a perder receita em razão de diversos fatores, sendo os quatro principais: a concorrência, a concentração do setor educacional, cobrança interna pelo cliente e o fundo de financiamento estudantil - FIES. Naquele momento, a alternativa encontrada para compensar as perdas de receita foi constituir a RAF Advogados, para realizar a cobrança judicial dos débitos que permaneciam em aberto após a cobrança amigável, agregando valor ao serviço de cobrança educacional extrajudicial. Entretanto, a partir de 2016 a empresa voltou a ter problemas de receita em razão do aumento do desemprego decorrente da crise no governo Dilma. Com isso o problema a ser resolvido era: Como retomar o crescimento da Camargo Rodrigues. Após realizar pesquisa pelo método de pesquisa-ação, como solução, os estudos revelaram que a empresa precisava se reinventar criando um novo serviço. Dessa forma, criou-se um novo serviço: a compra de recebíveis vencidos há mais de 90 dias. Este novo serviço foi desenvolvido em cima de uma carteira de 2014 que já havia cumprido todo o ciclo de cobrança amigável e judicial. O modelo de precificação foi calculado por um matemático que considerou diversas variáveis, como o tempo de cobrança amigável e de cobrança judicial, taxas de recuperação, taxas de inadimplência, custos de cobrança amigável e judicial e uma taxa de retorno adequada sobre o capital, o que possibilitou chegar a um percentual para a compra dessas carteiras de mensalidades vencidas. Após validação com os dois principais clientes, concluímos que o estudo foi fundamental por que orientou a negociação com os clientes, pois, quando o novo serviço foi apresentado a dois clientes que o aceitaram de imediato, houve um cliente que queria receber um valor muito alto que comprometeria o retorno e o negócio não se concretizou. Notou-se, então, que a negociação deste novo serviço não será fácil, ainda mais porque o valor final terá de ser menor que o percentual apurado para que haja ganho financeiro além do ponto de equilíbrio. Ademais, o estudo demonstrou que o risco neste tipo de operação é alto, pois o devedor está mais resistente à cobrança. E ainda existem os riscos decorrentes da situação econômica. / This research was based on the author\'s experience in his educational collection company, CAMARGO RODRIGUES. The company was incorporated in 1996 with the purpose of charging late tuition from Private Higher Education Institutions. As of 2009, the company started to lose revenue due to several factors, being the four main ones: competition, concentration of the education sector, internal collection by the client and the student financing fund - FIES. At that time, the alternative found to compensate for the loss of revenue was to set up RAF Advogados, to make the judicial collection of debts that remained open after the friendly collection, adding value to the extrajudicial educational collection service. However, from 2016 the company had again revenue problems due to the increase in unemployment due to the crisis in the Dilma government. With this the problem to be solved was: How to resume the growth of Camargo Rodrigues. After researching the action research method as a solution, studies revealed that the company needed to reinvent itself by creating a new service. Thus, a new service was created: the purchase of receivables overdue for more than 90 days. This new service was developed on top of a 2014 portfolio that had already completed the entire friendly and judicial collection cycle. The pricing model was calculated by a mathematician who considered several variables, such as amicable and judicial collection time, recovery rates, default rates, amicable and judicial collection costs, and an adequate rate of return on capital. which made it possible to reach a percentage for the purchase of these overdue monthly loan portfolios. After validation with the two main clients, we concluded that the study was fundamental because it guided the negotiation with the clients, because when the new service was presented to two clients who immediately accepted it, there was one client who wanted to receive a very high value. that would compromise the return and the deal did not materialize. It was noted, then, that the negotiation of this new service will not be easy, especially since the final value will have to be less than the percentage calculated for financial gain beyond the break-even point. In addition, the study showed that the risk in this type of operation is high because the debtor is more resistant to recovery. And there are still risks arising from the economic situation.

The title of this thesis is called The methods of security and exaction of receivables. This is a large and very complex area of business. Properly chosen method of security receivable can save a company a lot of time and money. The second objective is to describe how to exact the receivables.

This masters thesis is focused on the theory related to the topic of receivables. The analytical part is focused on the detailed receivables management in the selected capital company. In response to the analytical part are introduced recommendations for the improvement of their amount and their management. The end of the masters thesis summarizes the results from the analytical part.

Le nantissement de créance a longtemps été délaissé par les acteurs économiques en raison du régime juridique inadapté qui lui était applicable. Les dispositions concernant le nantissement de créance mises en place par l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006 relative aux sûretés ont permis de rendre cette garantie attractive pour les créanciers grâce à l’élaboration d’un régime adapté, cohérent et souple.La pratique a toutefois révélé certaines incertitudes dues aux imprécisions des dispositions actuellement en vigueur, source d’un important contentieux et d’insécurité juridique pour les parties.Cette insécurité est accrue au moment où les créanciers ont besoin de s’assurer de l’efficacité de leur sûreté, c’est-à-dire en cas d’ouverture d’une procédure collective à l’encontre du constituant.En effet, l'évolution du droit des entreprises en difficulté a conduit à la mise en place d’une protection accrue du débiteur et une recherche de maintien de l'activité de l'entreprise. Afin de parvenir à cet objectif, les droits des créanciers sont considérablement restreints puisqu'ils sont soumis à une discipline collective et ne peuvent notamment plus poursuivre le paiement de leur créance, ni procéder à la réalisation de leur sûreté.Ainsi, l’étude du fonctionnement du nantissement de créance est nécessaire afin de déterminer si cette sûreté peut être efficace pour le créancier nanti si une procédure collective est ouverte à l’encontre du constituant.Il convient de démontrer que l’efficacité du nantissement de créance dépend des droits qu'il confère au créancier, tels que la notification de la sûreté et le droit exclusif au paiement de la créance nantie. Néanmoins, cette garantie ne trouvera réellement sa place parmi les sûretés les plus protectrices que si ces prérogatives lui sont reconnues également en cas de procédure collective.L'examen du fonctionnement du nantissement de créance et des droits qu'il confère permet de mettre en exergue la possibilité pour le créancier nanti d’exercer et de conserver son droit exclusif au paiement même après le jugement d'ouverture, ce qui confirme l'efficacité de cette sûreté. / Pledges over receivables have long been neglected by actors of the economy because of its inadequate legal system. But since the order from March 23rd, 2006 and the new provisions regarding security it implemented, the consistent, appropriate and flexible system has become more attractive for creditors.In practice however, the current provisions are too imprecise to reassure the involved parties who remain uncertain and insecure in their litigations.This uncertainty increases when creditors need to ensure that their security is efficient, i.e. when launching collective insolvency proceedings against the grantor.Indeed, the debtor has become more protected with each alteration of bankruptcy proceedings law which seeks to keep companies active. To that end, creditors’ rights have been greatly restricted: they are subjected to collective discipline and cannot continue paying their receivables.In this context, it appears necessary to study pledges over receivables to ascertain if said security can work for the secured creditor in case of collective insolvency proceedings against the grantor.We shall demonstrate that the efficiency of pledges over receivables depends directly on the rights it gives to the creditor, such as notifying the security and granting exclusive right of payment of the secured receivable. However, this guarantee can only become one of the most protecting securities if these rights are also granted in case of collective proceedings.By examining how pledges over receivables and the right they grant work, we can highlight the possibility for the secured creditor to exercise and keep their exclusive right of payment, even after the opening judgment; thus confirming the efficiency of the pledge over receivables.

This presented dissertation is focused to clarify the problems of recievebles and its relation with income tax in term of formation, limitation, creation adjustement receivebles and one-time depreciation in Kodak Czech company. In first part of my dissertation I have aimed to problem of recievebles in term of its formation and methods of securing. In theoretical part I was concerned with relation of adjustement receivables i from both accounting and taxing point of view and also receivables depreciation. In practical part of my dissertation I was studying receivables after due date in particular company. This part contains methods of managing and solution of receivables after due date. In this part I have also introduced a new system preventing from creation of demands after due date {--} credit system. Last part was focused on receivables after due date and its impact on lowering of tax duty. Main targets were focused on calculation part of demands in term of creation of rectifying and tax items and its depreciation. In conclusion I have summrized the results of my analysis and came up with new ways of demand securing for the company.