O trabalho desenvolve o estudo de retificadores PWM para aplicações em processos galvânicos. A utilização de técnicas PWM é objeto de estudo, visando à obtenção de alto fator de potência, baixo conteúdo harmônico e baixo ripple de corrente que atendam tanto às necessidades de qualidade de energia, quanto à demanda das aplicações de carga. O trabalho contempla a criação de um protótipo que preencha os requisitos de aplicações industriais voltadas ao tratamento de superfícies, tais como: eletrodeposição, eletro-polimento, entre outros e a melhora na qualidade de energia. As simulações em ambiente computacional com MATLAB® e o software PSIM®, forneceram a base para o desenvolvimento do protótipo e comprovar o estudo. Na prática, pequenas chapas de latão foram banhadas com o protótipo nos modos de controle de ângulo de fase, controle PWM regular e PWM senoidal e obtidas fotos microscópicas para a análise da camada do banho depositada, onde foi comprovado o rendimento protótipo em relação a Qualidade da Energia Elétrica. / The current work aims to study PWM rectifiers for applications in galvanics processes. The use of PWM techniques is the object of study in order to obtain high power factor, low harmonic content and low ripple current that meet both the needs of power quality, the demand of load applications. The study aims to create a prototype which meets the requirements of industrial applications focuses on the treatment of surfaces, such as electroplating, electro-polishing, among others, and the improvement of energy quality. The simulations in computing environment with MATLAB and software PSIM®, provided the basis for the development of prototype and verify the study. In practice, small plates of brass were bathed with the prototype in modes of phase angle control, regular PWM control and sinusoidal PWM and obtained microscopic images for the analysis of the deposited bath layer, where it was proven the prototype income in relation to Quality Electric Power.

A new generation of electronic devices has emerged requiring micro-watt-level power supply to operate. Thanks to micro-power processors and sensors, micro-power sources have become an attractive option for industry and research. This work is interested in micro-power sources that harvest vibrational energy by deploying electrostatic, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric transduction techniques. The output power of vibrational energy harvesters is in AC form, whereas electronic loads require known DC power supply to operate. Thus, there is a need for AC-DC conversion between harvesters and electronic loads to get DC power out of AC. Traditional full-wave bridge rectifiers and center-tapped transformer rectifiers are not feasible in micro-watt-level harvesters. Low output power undermines the power efficiency of those traditional rectifiers. Thus, novel, low power, high efficiency conversion circuits are required instead of traditional rectifiers. This goal is particularly challenging when it comes to electromagnetic energy harvesters since their output voltage is much lower than that of electrostatic and piezoelectric harvesters. In this work, we studied four different full-wave rectifiers; a silicon diode bridge rectifier, a Schottky diode bridge rectifier, a passive MOSFET rectifier, an an active MOSFET rectifier. Out of simulation results, we found the voltage and power efficiency of each rectifier. We found that MOSFET-type rectifiers are better than diode type rectifiers in terms of voltage and power efficiency. Both full-wave MOSFET rectifiers have about 99% voltage and power efficiency. There is only a small difference in power and voltage efficiency between the two MOSFET rectifier types below 600mV input voltage amplitude. Since active MOSFET rectifier has extra components and need of external DC supply to power its active devices, we concluded it was not good option for small scale harvester systems. We implemented the passive MOSFET rectifier, tested its performance in rectifying the output of an electromagnetic harvester, and analyzed its effects on the harvester performance. When we connected the MOSFET rectifier to the harvester it doubled the optimum load resistance from 24 Ohm to 48 Ohm. We also studied the rectifier effect on harvester's natural frequency, and it does not change much the natural frequency which means our rectifier acts like resistance, and we also calculated the power efficiency based on harvester test and we have maximum 74% power efficiency.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται το σχεδιασμό και την κατασκευή ενός μετατροπέα ανόρθωσης και υποβιβασμού τάσης, με διόρθωση του συντελεστή ισχύος. Η χρήση αυτού του μετατροπέα προορίζεται για τη φόρτιση των μπαταριών ενός ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Κύριος σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η κατασκευή μιας τριφασικής ανορθωτικής διάταξης υποβιβασμού τάσης η οποία θα πληρεί τις προδιαγραφές περί αρμονικών που θεσπίζονται από τους διεθνείς κανονισμούς. Η δυνατότητα λειτουργίας υπό μοναδιαίο συντελεστή ισχύος πηγάζει από τη μεθοδολογία ελέγχου του μετατροπέα ο οποίος παράλληλα θα πρέπει να επιτελεί το έργο ενός φορτιστή μπαταριών προσφέροντας τη δυνατότητα ελέγχου του ρεύματος και της τάσης εξόδου και προσαρμόζοντας τη λειτουργία του στο εκάστοτε προφίλ φόρτισης των μπαταριών τις οποίες διαχειρίζεται. Αρχικά αναλύεται η σημασία της διόρθωσης του συντελεστή ισχύος στα σύγχρονα ηλεκτρικά συστήματα και παρουσιάζονται τόσο μεθοδολογίες ελέγχου όσο και ανορθωτικές διατάξεις για λειτουργία υπό μοναδιαίο συντελεστή ισχύος. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στις μπαταρίες ως μέσο αποθήκευσης ενέργειας, παρουσιάζονται μέθοδοι και διατάξεις φόρτισης συσσωρευτών ενώ παράλληλα αναλύονται θέματα που αφορούν την ταχύτητα φόρτισης και την διάρκεια ζωής των μπαταριών με τελικό στάδιο την παρουσίαση των μπαταριών του ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος του εργαστηρίου και την επιλογή του κατάλληλου προφίλ φόρτισής με βάση τα τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά και τις προδιαγραφές τους από τον κατασκευαστή. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η παρουσίαση του τριφασικού μετατροπέα, που θα υλοποιεί το προφίλ φόρτισης που έχει επιλεγεί, αλλά και της μεθοδολογίας ελέγχου για επίτευξη ημιτονοειδούς ρεύματος εισόδου. Τόσο ο ηλεκτρονικός μετατροπέας ισχύος ως φορτιστής μπαταριών όσο και το κύκλωμα ελέγχου κλειστού βρόχου προσομοιώνονται στο λογισμικό Simulink του Matlab. Επίσης περιγράφονται η ανάλυση, ο σχεδιασμός και η κατασκευή όλων των ηλεκτρικών και ηλεκτρονικών κυκλωμάτων που απαιτούνται για την ορθή λειτουργία του μετατροπέα και παρουσιάζεται η λογική λειτουργίας του μικροϋπολογιστικού συστήματος που συντονίζει τον έλεγχο. Τέλος πραγματοποιούνται οι πειραματικές δοκιμές προκειμένου να διαπιστωθεί η ορθή λειτουργία του συνολικού συστήματος που κατασκευάστηκε αλλά και για να διαπιστωθούν τυχούσες αποκλίσεις μεταξύ θεωρίας και πράξης. / This diploma thesis deals with the design and construction of a buck type, unity power factor rectifier intended for electric vehicle battery charging. The work was conducted in the Electromechanical Energy Conversion Laboratory, placed at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Patras. The main purpose of this thesis is to construct a three-phase buck-type rectifier which meets with the requirements for low input current harmonics established by international regulations. The ability to operate under unity power factor derives from the control method of the converter. The converter will be also performing the task of a battery charger. Therefore, the overall system should be able to provide control of the output voltage and current and adjust its operation to the charging profile and the type of the battery used. Initially, the significance of power factor correction in modern electrical systems is mentioned and control methods as well as the most commonly used rectifiers for unity power factor operation are presented. Then, a brief reference to the batteries as energy storage means is made and charging methods and devices are presented. Certain issues related to charging speed and battery life are approached. The final stage is the presentation of the batteries installed in the electric vehicle of the Laboratory and the selection of the appropriate charging profile based on the technical specifications of the manufacturer. The next step is the presentation of the three-phase rectifier which realizes the selected charging profile and the control method in order to achieve sinusoidal input currents .Both the electronic power converter as a battery charger and the closed-loop control circuit are simulated using Simulink of Matlab .The analysis, design and the construction of all electrical and electronic circuits required for the proper operation of the converter is described and the programming logic of the microcontroller that coordinates the control is presented. Finally, experimental tests are performed in order to check the proper functioning of the overall constructed system and detect any deviations between theory and practice.

A new generation of electronic devices has emerged requiring micro-watt-level power supply to operate. Thanks to micro-power processors and sensors, micro-power sources have become an attractive option for industry and research. This work is interested in micro-power sources that harvest vibrational energy by deploying electrostatic, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric transduction techniques. The output power of vibrational energy harvesters is in AC form, whereas electronic loads require known DC power supply to operate. Thus, there is a need for AC-DC conversion between harvesters and electronic loads to get DC power out of AC. Traditional full-wave bridge rectifiers and center-tapped transformer rectifiers are not feasible in micro-watt-level harvesters. Low output power undermines the power efficiency of those traditional rectifiers. Thus, novel, low power, high efficiency conversion circuits are required instead of traditional rectifiers. This goal is particularly challenging when it comes to electromagnetic energy harvesters since their output voltage is much lower than that of electrostatic and piezoelectric harvesters. In this work, we studied four different full-wave rectifiers; a silicon diode bridge rectifier, a Schottky diode bridge rectifier, a passive MOSFET rectifier, an an active MOSFET rectifier. Out of simulation results, we found the voltage and power efficiency of each rectifier. We found that MOSFET-type rectifiers are better than diode type rectifiers in terms of voltage and power efficiency. Both full-wave MOSFET rectifiers have about 99% voltage and power efficiency. There is only a small difference in power and voltage efficiency between the two MOSFET rectifier types below 600mV input voltage amplitude. Since active MOSFET rectifier has extra components and need of external DC supply to power its active devices, we concluded it was not good option for small scale harvester systems. We implemented the passive MOSFET rectifier, tested its performance in rectifying the output of an electromagnetic harvester, and analyzed its effects on the harvester performance. When we connected the MOSFET rectifier to the harvester it doubled the optimum load resistance from 24 Ohm to 48 Ohm. We also studied the rectifier effect on harvester's natural frequency, and it does not change much the natural frequency which means our rectifier acts like resistance, and we also calculated the power efficiency based on harvester test and we have maximum 74% power efficiency.

From the early days of HVDC system applications, the importance of mathematical modelling of the dynamics of Line Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC systems has been appreciated. There are essentially two methodologies used to develop mathematical models of dynamic systems. One methodology is to define the properties of the system by the “laws of nature” and other well-established relationships. Basic techniques of this methodology involve describing the system’s processes using differential equations. This methodology is called “Deductive Modelling”. The other methodology used to derive mathematical models of a dynamic system is based on experimentation. Input and output signals from the original system are recorded to infer a mathematical model of the system. This methodology is known as “Inductive Modelling”. A review of the current state of the art of modelling LCC HVDC systems indicates that majority of the techniques utilized to develop mathematical models of LCC HVDC systems have used the “Deductive Modelling” approach. This methodology requires accurate knowledge of the ac systems and the dc system and involves complicated mathematics. In practice, it is nearly impossible to obtain accurate knowledge of the ac systems connected to LCC HVDC systems. The main aim of this thesis is to present an “Inductive Modelling” methodology to calculate the plant transfer functions of LCC HVDC systems. Due to the uncertain nature of the effective short circuit ratio of rectifier and inverter converter stations, generic ranges of parametric uncertainties of the developed plant transfer functions were determined. Based on the determined range of HVDC plant parametric uncertainty, Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) methodology was used to design the parameters of the LCC HVDC control system. The stability of the start-up and step responses for varying ac system conditions validated the “Inductive Modelling” technique and the QFT design methodology. The thesis presents the following, which are considered to be scientific advancements and contributions to the body of knowledge: · Novel LCC HVDC Step Response (HSR) equations were developed using an “Inductive Modeling” technique. · The range of parametric variations of the LCC HSR equations were determined for various rectifier and inverter ac system effective short circuit ratios. · The LCC HSR equations were used to develop the LCC HVDC plant transfer functions for various rectifier and inverter effective short circuit ratios. · The LCC HVDC plant transfer functions were utilized to design an LCC HVDC control system for varying ac system conditions using Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) methodology. The main contributions of this thesis relate to LCC HVDC systems. This thesis does not attempt to advance control theory however this thesis does apply existing classical control theory to LCC HVDC control systems. Index Terms: Line Commutated Converter, HVDC, inductive modelling, power system, transient analysis. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZlu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

During the past two decades, Quality of Supply has become a serious problem for Variable Speed Drives in the industrial and commercial sectors. Quality of Supply problems can trip Variable Speed Drives, which results in loss of production, which is a significant problem in the paper and pulp industry. Researchers have proposed that Quality of Supply problems can be minimised in-house, using controlled front end rectifiers (boost rectifier), to maintain a regulated DC link voltage in the Variable Speed Drive configuration, as most faults are created by a varying supply voltage. This thesis extends the work performed on boost rectifiers by investigating the feasibility of replacing the classical controllers with a Continual Online Trained Artificial Neural Network current controller. The approach adopted in this thesis was to evaluate and extend the work previously performed on conventional boost rectifier current controllers and Continual Online Trained Artificial Neural Network current controlled inverter, at the University of Natal. During this evaluation, the respective controller shortcomings were identified and addressed. Thereafter the Continual Online Trained Artificial Neural Network current controller was modified, according to the control requirements of the boost rectifier, and used as a replacement for the conventional current controller in the boost rectifier system. Finally, the Continual Online Trained Artificial Neural Network current controller was evaluated to assess its viability as a current controller for a boost rectifier. The concept of implementing the real-time Continual Online Trained Artificial Neural Network current controller using a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) was described, along with the main features and practical limitations of existing commercial DSP's. It is shown that at the time of writing of this thesis, the commercially available DSP' s are not powerful enough to implement the Continual Online Trained Artificial Neural Network current controller. However this thesis also shows that it is feasible to implement the real-time controller on the newly released TMS320C67 DSP card. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio University, August, 1993. / Title from PDF t.p.

Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar uma investigação e uma metodologia de projeto, até o presente momento inédita, de uma topologia de um conversor ca-cc trifásico de comutação forçada. Através da análise desenvolvida neste trabalho, determina-se um modelo matemático do conversor ca-cc para os quatro modos que determinam o processo da comutação nesse circuito. Esse modelo resulta em sistemas de equações fundamentais na forma de equações diferenciais, que são resolvidos com a finalidade de determinar o comportamento do circuito do conversor durante o processo de comutação e de obter uma metodologia de projeto. Com o objetivo de validar a investigação e o método de projeto foi implementada simulação computacional, no programa Simmon, dos intervalos de comutação do conversor ca-cc de comutação forçada. Essa estrutura, que durante a sua operação emprega tanto a comutação forçada como a natural, quando comparada com os conversores de comutação natural apresenta várias vantagens, como um alto fator de potência e a eliminação dos harmônicos de baixa ordem na linha ca (utilização da comutação forçada com a técnica de modulação por largura de pulso PWM), como mostra vátios trabalhos publicados, que estão desctitos na parte de referências bibliográficas deste texto. / The main objective of this work is to present an investigation and a design method, which up to now is not available in the literature, of a three-phase force commutated ac-dc convetier. From the analysis developed in this work one obtains the mathematical model of the ac-dc converter for its four modes of commutation, which determine the commutation process in the converter circuit. The fundamental equations, which have been written in the form of differential equations, are solved to determine the behaviour of the converter circuit during commutation, and also to obtain a design method. To validate the analysis and the design procedure, computer simulation of the commutation intervals of the ac-dc converter was implemented using the program Simnon. The three-phase ac-dc converter, which uses both forced and line commutation, when compared with the conventional line commutated converter, presents several advantages as a high power factor and the elimination of lower harmonics of the ac line (utilization of the forced commutation and the pulse width modulation strategy), as it is shown in several published works, which can be found in the references of this work.

This thesis presents a multi-stage rectifier for wireless power transfer in biomedical implant systems. The rectifier is built using Schottky diodes. The design has been simulated in 0.5µm and 130nm CMOS processes. The challenges for a rectifier in a wireless power transfer systems are observed to be the efficiency, output voltage yield, operating frequency range and the minimum input voltage the rectifier can convert. The rectifier outperformed the contemporary works in the mentioned criteria.

Thesis: Elec. E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1978 / Includes bibliographical references. / Elec. E. / Elec. E. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science