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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Trace metals biogeochemistry in soils and plants affected by mining waste rocks: consequences to ecosystem and options for restoration. / Trace metals biogeochemistry in soils and plants affected by mining waste rocks: consequences to ecosystem and options for restoration (Phytoremediation abd technosols)

Fabio Perlatti 29 June 2015 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A extraÃÃo e beneficiamento de minerais metÃlicos geram grandes quantidades de rejeitos que se nÃo dispostos adequadamente, podem ser fontes de contaminaÃÃo e drenagem Ãcida; pelo contato de sulfetos com Ãgua e oxigÃnio; ocasionando diminuiÃÃo no pH e aumento na mobilidade dos metais no solo. O diagnÃstico do comportamento biogeoquÃmico de rejeitos pode fornecer informaÃÃes valiosas para que se possa dispor e controlar adequadamente os efeitos adversos causados por esse tipo de material, bem como subsidiar a adoÃÃo de medidas de controle e mitigaÃÃo mais eficientes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo geral, diagnosticar os impactos causados pela disposiÃÃo de rejeitos em uma mina de cobre (Cu) abandonada, bem como propor alternativas para mitigar os impactos e restaurar a qualidade ambiental do local, baseado na hipÃtese de que esses rejeitos podem contaminar o solo da regiÃo com os elementos traÃo presentes nos minerais, alÃm de gerar drenagem Ãcida, dada a presenÃa de sulfetos expostos Ãs condiÃÃes atmosfÃricas, impedindo a regeneraÃÃo natural do ecossistema. O capÃtulo 1 traz uma introduÃÃo ao tema, bem como uma revisÃo bibliogrÃfica sobre o assunto. O capÃtulo 2 faz um diagnÃstico geral da Ãrea, avaliando-se os teores de diversos elementos traÃo nos rejeitos, solos e plantas. No capÃtulo 3 foram aprofundados os estudos sobre o comportamento geoquÃmico dos rejeitos com foco na geraÃÃo de drenagem Ãcida, alÃm de um estudo detalhado do comportamento do Cu no solo, atravÃs da extraÃÃo sequencial. O capÃtulo 4 detalha os teores de metais nos tecidos vegetais das plantas, avalia a aptidÃo do uso dessas espÃcies para a fitoremediaÃÃo, bem como apresenta dados das alteraÃÃes que ocorrem na rizosfera. O capÃtulo 5 aprofunda-se nas alteraÃÃes que ocorrem na rizosfera das plantas e as consequÃncias na mobilidade e ecotoxicidade do Cu, via extraÃÃo sequencial, e por fim, o capÃtulo 6 apresenta um estudo experimental com a utilizaÃÃo de tecnosolos, para imobilizar o excesso de Cu lÃbil no solo. Os resultados indicam que o principal impacto à causado pelo excesso de Cu que ainda persiste nos rejeitos e que, por processos de oxidaÃÃo e dissoluÃÃo, translocam grandes quantidade do metal para o solo. A geraÃÃo de drenagem Ãcida foi descartada; dada a aÃÃo tamponante gerada pela dissoluÃÃo dos carbonatos, minimizando os efeitos negativos da oxidaÃÃo dos sulfetos. A extraÃÃo sequencial mostrou que o Cu no solo està associado principalmente aos carbonatos e Ãxidos de Fe amorfos. O ciclo geoquÃmico entre a dissoluÃÃo dos carbonatos e oxidaÃÃo dos sulfetos parece ser o principal mecanismo de liberaÃÃo e adsorÃÃo do Cu no solo. Jà as plantas estudadas, nÃo foram consideradas hiperacumuladoras, entretanto, foram observados elevados teores de metal em suas raÃzes, indicando que a estratÃgia de sobrevivÃncia dessas plantas consiste na imobilizaÃÃo do metal nas raÃzes/rizosfera. A extraÃÃo sequencial na rizosfera mostrou que a presenÃa das plantas altera as caracterÃsticas do solo sob sua influÃncia, e consequentemente o comportamento biogeoquÃmico do Cu. Jà os tecnosolos demostraram grande capacidade em imobilizar Cu. Os quatro tecnosolos elaborados imobilizaram mais de 85% do Cu, sendo a maior parte retida na fraÃÃo residual, que representa a fraÃÃo onde o cobre fica adsorvido mais fortemente, demostrando que os tecnosolos despontam como uma excelente alternativa na remediaÃÃo de solos contaminados por metais. / The extraction and processing of metallic minerals generate large amounts of waste which, if not disposed of properly, may be sources of contamination and acid mine drainage; by contact of sulphides with water and oxygen; causing a decrease in pH and an increase in the mobility of metals in the soil. The diagnosis of biogeochemical behaviour of wastes can provide valuable information to discard and control the adverse effects of this kind of material, as well to support the adoption of more efficient measures of control and mitigation. This study had as general objective diagnose the impacts of waste disposal in an abandoned copper mine (Cu), as well to propose alternatives to mitigate the impacts and restore the environmental quality of the site, based on the hypothesis that such wastes can contaminate the soil with trace elements contained in minerals, and generate acid mine drainage, given the presence of sulphides exposed to weather conditions, hindering the natural regeneration of the ecosystem. The Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the theme, as well as a literature review. Chapter 2 presents a general diagnosis from the area, assessing the levels of several trace elements in rock wastes, soils and native plant species. In chapter 3, a thorough study on the geochemical behaviour of wastes, with focus on the generation of acid drainage were done, plus a detailed study about Cu behaviour in soils, through a chemical sequential extraction. Chapter 4 details the content of metals in above-ground tissues from plants that naturally grow on the wastes, assess the ability of these plants to be used in phytoremediation and show data about the changes that occur in the rhizosphere. Chapter 5 provides through a comparative study by sequential extraction in the rhizosphere and bulk soils; details about the changes that occur in the rhizosphere of plants and their consequences for Cu mobility and ecotoxicity, and finally, the chapter 6 presents an experimental study with the use of technosols, as way to immobilize the excess of labile copper in soil solution. Based on the results, can be concluded that the major impact is caused by the excess of Cu which still persists in the waste rocks and, through oxidation and dissolution processes, translocate large amount of metal into soil. The acid mine drainage was discarded given the buffering action generated by dissolution of carbonates, minimizing the negative effects of the oxidation of sulphides. The sequential extraction showed that the Cu concentration in soil is associated mainly with carbonates and amorphous iron oxides. The geochemical cycle between the dissolution of carbonates and oxidation of sulphides appears to be the main control mechanism of release and adsorption of Cu in soil. Regarding the plants, was concluded that they cannot be considered as Cu hyperaccumulators, however, high levels of metal were observed in roots, indicating that the survival strategy of these plants consists in immobilize metal in roots/rhizosphere. The sequential extraction in the rhizosphere showed that the presence of plants alter various soil characteristics under its influence, and also the geochemical behaviour of Cu. The technosols showed great ability to immobilize Cu. The four technosols elaborated in this study can immobilize more than 85% of Cu in solution, with the largest portion retained in the residual fraction, where Cu is adsorbed strongly, demonstrating that technosols emerge as an excellent alternative to remediate soils contaminated by metals.

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