Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02945.pdf: 7569040 bytes, checksum: 02354504530dda19f3da88d601d653f1 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Class of 2013 Abstract / Specific Aims: The purpose of the project was to determine if implementation of a detailed pharmacist recommendation form written for providers, could be an effective tool to reduce the use of antipsychotics in the psychiatric nursing home patients with dementia by 15%. Methods: The project was conducted by a pharmacy student and a consultant pharmacist at a single psychiatric nursing home. Thirty recommendations were written to the nursing home providers. The prescribers made comments on the forms and returned them to investigators for analysis. Active orders were compared pre and post pharmacy recommendations. Main Results: Of the 30 interventions, the prescriber addressed 26 (87%) recommendations and agreed to 15 (58%) of them. Nine recommendations involved either a GDR, discontinuation of a medication, or switching to a non-pharmacological method. Six of the nine (66%) recommendations led to the prescriber reducing the dose or discontinuing the medication. Overall, six out of 30 (20%) interventions resulted in a successful reduction of the use of antipsychotics. Conclusion: This project showed that when the prescribers see a more detailed pharmacist written recommendation regarding the therapy, they are more likely to respond with an explanation. However, even though the overall reduction was 20%, black box warnings did not seem to be a deterrent for prescribing in this psychiatric nursing home. Antipsychotics are heavily relied on to control behaviors associated with dementia.

No description available.

The kinetics of the carbon monoxide reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) in aqueous solutions were studied at 120°C and carbon monoxide pressures up to 1360 atm. The reduction was followed spectrophoto-metrically in a high pressure titanium cell specifically developed for studying reactions between transition metal ions and gaseous reducing agents. The observed kinetics in acetate-buffered solutions yield a rate law of the form [ Formula omitted ] The rate law describes a reaction that occurs by two parallel paths, one of which is effectively independent of pressure and is accounted for by a stable carbon monoxide complex, described by Cu(CO)+. The pressure-dependent path contains both a pH-dependent and pH-independent reaction. The observed kinetics are consistent with the following mechanism which includes the insertion of a carbon monoxide molecule between a copper ion and a co-ordinated water molecule. [ Formulas omitted ] The effect of complexing was found to be quite minor. This was further verified by studies in sulphate and perchlorate solutions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

This is a study of the catalysed reduction of cobalt (IT) to metal by carbon monoxide from aqueous, ammoniacal solutions between 180 and 230°C and from 0 to 50 atm. CO. The reaction proceeds through the intermediate formation of a cobalt carbonyl anion. Under the conditions of this study this intermediate is produced homogeneously, and also heterogeneously in the presence of cobalt sulfide. Metal formation occurs only in the presence of cobalt sulfide. The stoichiometry of the production of cobalt carbonyl anion is consistent with the equation. [ Equation omitted ] Metal formation follows stoichiometry of the equation [ Equation omitted ] The following equations represent a mechanism that is consistent with the kinetic observations: [ Equations omitted ] A side reaction involving carbon monoxide and hydroxyl ion produces formate ion, In the presence of cobalt sulfide, hydrogen rather than formate ion is the product. The following equations represent a mechanism that is consistent with experimental observations: [ Equations omitted ] A method for the separation of cobalt (II) from nickel (II) in aqueous solution is suggested. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

A modification of Mover's method has been found satisfactory for the quantitative measurement of resazurin reduction in biological systems. For convenience, the reducing systems were studied separately and the contribution of each system to total dye reduction was determined. The rapid reduction of resazurin in milk due to sun-light was found to be a photochemical reaction initiated by the excitation of the dye by light of a wavelength of approximately 600 mμ. It was found that the main reducing system in normal raw milk was ascorbic acid dependent, whereas in mastitic milk the main reducing system was leucocytes. Physical fractionation of mastitic milk, sonic treatment, and the use of metabolic inhibitors strongly indicated that there was an intimate relationship between the presence of leucocytes and the reducing activities of mastitic milk. Studies with cell-free extracts of leucocytes and bacteria showed that the reducing systems were essentially the same, and involved reduced pyridine nucleotides as electron donors. The mechanisms of resazurin reduction have been confirmed by studies involving the use of metabolic inhibitors, respirometry, variation of the energy source and kinetic studies. Finally, the successful reconstruction of several artificial resazurin reducing systems further confirmed the validity of this mechanism. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Reactions between ions in LiCl-KCl eutectic melt and lead alloys have been studied kinetically between 370 and 450°C. Diffusion of the reducing ionic species across the salt-phase boundary layer was shown to be the rate controlling step for the reductions of Pb⁺⁺ , Cd⁺⁺ , Ag⁺ and In⁺⁺⁺ by lithium and of Cr⁺⁺⁺ by lead. Values of the salt-phase boundary layer thickness were estimated. Limited solubility of the reduced metal in the molten alloy resulted in metal deposition at the phase boundary during the reductions of Co⁺⁺, Cr⁺⁺⁺and Ti⁺⁺⁺by lithium. An apparent homogeneous reaction in the salt occurred during the reductions of Ni⁺⁺ and Pt⁺⁺ by lithium. The mechanisms have not been established but may involve solubility of either lithium or a Li-Pb intermetallic compound in the salt. The interfacial reactions were primarily electrochemical in nature, and never rate controlling. The diffusion coefficients of a number of ions in LiCl-KCl at 400 C were determined. The values showed that ionic diffusion in this eutectic was influenced primarily by the ionic charge of the diffusing species. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Investigations into the reduction of high concentration aqueous copper sulfate solutions with hydrogen, carbon monoxide and mixtures of these gases were conducted. The effect of increasing the copper sulfate concentration was to enhance the rate of reduction in both the hydrogen and carbon monoxide systems. The rate of reduction was increased by increasing pressure, temperature, and the concentration of ammonium sulfate buffer. Under mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide the rate of reduction was intermediate between the rate under pure hydrogen and pure carbon monoxide. Based on the reaction mechanisms and rate equations developed by previous investigators a mathematical model of the reduction processes under hydrogen and carbon monoxide was developed. By fitting the model to the experimental results, rate constants for the high concentration reduction were determined. The use of carbon monoxide, with or without hydrogen, was found to reduce or minimize the plastering problem associated with the hydrogen reduction of copper. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

M.Sc. (Chemistry) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

No description available.