Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho conta com cinquenta redações de alunos do curso Pré - vestibular do Sintuperj, que já concluíram o Ensino Médio e, agora, se preparam para fazer o exame de acesso ao ensino superior - vestibular. A abordagem proposta se baseia na análise da referenciação, forma de organização coesiva do texto, especificamente, o encapsulamento anafórico. Para verificar a função discursiva desse fenômeno argumentativo nas redações, a análise foi dividida em duas perspectivas: por um lado, foram investigados os tipos de cadeias de referenciação, designadas como específica, rotulando e contribuindo para a progressão referencial no texto; ou como não específica, simplesmente, retomando e resumindo o conteúdo antecedente, evitando repetições. De outro lado, ampliou-se a análise para os elementos que constituem essas cadeias, verificando como foi realizada a menção ao referente através da manutenção temática. Além disso, foi possível notar como essa manutenção dos dados no texto possibilita a coesão textual e enriquece a argumentação que o aluno faz para defender a sua tese. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que a principal contribuição que esse trabalho oferece para o ensino de língua materna concerne na abordagem do texto a partir de uma perspectiva dos processamentos cognitivos, revelando como os elementos vão sendo construídos nas redações, a partir de componentes culturais e conhecimentos diversos dos alunos, que proporcionam a progressão referencial / This work features fifty essays from students of Sintuperj preparation course - who have graduated from high school and now are preparing to take the entrance exam. The approach is based on the cohesive organization of these texts through referencing, examining the use of the articulator termed anaphoric encapsulation. To check the function of this phenomenon argumentative discourse in Essays, the analysis was divided in two perspectives: first, the types of referral chains were investigated, designated as specific, labeling and contributing to the progression reference in the text, or as non-specific, simply retrieving and summarizing the previous content, avoiding repetitions. On the other hand, the analysis was expanded to the elements of these chains, as was done by checking the reference to the referent. With this, was possible to note that this maintenance of the data in the text allows for text cohesion - evaluation criteria for college - and consistently enriches the argument that the student makes to defend his thesis. Therefore, it can be stated that the main contribution that this work provides for the teaching of native language concerns of the text from the perspective of cognitive processing, revealing how the elements are constructed in the essays, from the cultural components and knowledge of diverse students, providing the reference progression

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta dissertaÃÃo possui como objetivo principal analisar, à luz da abordagem teÃrica da referenciaÃÃo (MONDADA, 1994; MONDADA; DUBOIS, [1995] 2003), as funÃÃes discursivas dos processos referenciais de encapsulamento em artigos de opiniÃo. Para tanto, propÃs-se uma (re)discussÃo dos critÃrios formais e funcionais que norteiam a definiÃÃo e a anÃlise do fenÃmeno do encapsulamento com base nas pesquisas de autores como Francis ([1994] 2003), Conte ([1996] 2003), ApothÃloz e Chanet ([1997] 2003) e Consten, Knees e Schwarz-Friesel (2007), cujos trabalhos preconizam um tratamento essencialmente formal aos encapsulamentos, alinhando-os aos postulados teÃricos presentes em trabalhos mais recentes que tratam da temÃtica em pauta, como os estudos de Ciulla e Silva (2008), Silva (2013) e Alves (2015). Esse percurso teÃrico permitiu reorganizar os processos referenciais atrelados à menÃÃo com a adiÃÃo da introduÃÃo referencial encapsuladora, bem como verificar o funcionamento dos encapsulamentos nos textos que integram o corpus desta dissertaÃÃo para, dessa forma, poder relacionÃ-los Ãs marcas de posicionamento do locutor em seu texto (HYLAND, 2005). O corpus adotado neste estudo foi composto por 40 artigos de opiniÃo sobre a programaÃÃo da televisÃo brasileira, coletados entre os anos de 2015 e 2016, cuja anÃlise permitiu concluir que as anÃforas encapsuladoras e as introduÃÃes referenciais encapsuladoras respondem, no gÃnero em questÃo, a duas macrofunÃÃes: (i) macrofunÃÃo metadiscursiva, que se desdobrou em: a) funÃÃo avaliativa; b) funÃÃo de introduzir e encapsular referentes; c) funÃÃo de hipostasiar unidades pragmÃtico-discursivas; (ii) macrofunÃÃo organizadora, que se fragmentou em: a) funÃÃo de glosa; b) funÃÃo enumerativa; c) funÃÃo de promover a organizaÃÃo tÃpica. Tais funÃÃes nÃo sÃo mutuamente excludentes e sÃo necessÃrias tanto para a organizaÃÃo, quanto para a edificaÃÃo da argumentatividade textual. AlÃm disso, tambÃm foi possÃvel verificar que os processos referenciais de encapsulamento e o gÃnero artigo de opiniÃo se interinfluenciam, o que se deve à predileÃÃo dos encapsulamentos por textos em que hà uma predominÃncia da sequÃncia argumentativa. Este trabalho deixa uma importante reflexÃo teÃrica sobre os estudos de encapsulamento realizados ao longo dos anos, cotejando aspectos descritivos e observando possÃveis relaÃÃes que podem manter com traÃos textual-discursivos. / The main objective of this work is to analyze the discursive functions of the referential encapsulation processes in opinion pieces according to the theoretical approach of referentiation (MONDADA, 1994; MONDADA; DUBOIS, [1995] 2003). For that we proposed a (re)discussion of the formal and functional criteria that guide the definition and the analysis of the encapsulation phenomenon based on the researches by authors such as Francis ([1994] 2003), Conte ([1996] 2003), ApothÃloz and Chanet ([1997] 2003) and Consten; Knees and Schwarz-Friesel (2007), who tend to give a formal treatment to the anaphoric encapsulation processes. Thus, we aligned these works with the theoretical postulates that are present in more recent studies that deal with this theme, such as the works by Ciulla and Silva (2008), Silva (2013), Alves (2015) among others. This theoretical construct was essential because it enabled us not only to verify the functioning of the anaphoric encapsulation in the texts that integrate the corpus of this dissertation, but also to study the relation between these processes of reference and the textual genre opinion piece, as well as to relate the different types of encapsulation to the attitude markers of the speaker in their text (HYLAND, 2005). Based on these objectives, we adopted a corpus consisting in 40 opinion pieces about the tv shows aired in the Brazilian television that were collected between the years of 2015 and 2016. Based on the qualitative analysis of the corpus, it was found that the discursive functions of the anaphoric encapsulation processes and of the referential encapsulation introductions are linked to two macrofunctions: (i) metadiscursive macrofunction, which integrates the following fuctions: a) the evaluative function; b) the introduction and encapsulation of referents; c) the function of hypostasizing pragmatic-discursive units; (ii) organizing macrofunction, which envolves: a) glossing function; b) enumerative function; c) the function of promoting topical organization. Moreover, it was also possible to verify that the encapsulation referential processes and the opinion piece genre are interinfluenced, which is probably due to the preference of the encapsulations for texts where there is a predominance of the argumentative sequence. Finally, this work also contributes with na important theoretical reflection on the importante of the encapsulations based on works published throughout the years by focusin on discoursive aspects and possible relations with text-discursive traits.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Antonio Batista Marra.pdf: 2520681 bytes, checksum: 44591b2657295af567e375c5b1fc05f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / This paper analyses the use of nominal referential expressions in two texts written by journalist Roberto Pompeu de Toledo, Dona Gildair and O Mercosul e a Taça Libertadores, published in Veja magazine of which he is Especial Editor on April 4th and July 11th 2012, respectively. The dissertation pertains to the Textual Linguistic area of studies, whose definition and development were summarized in the beginning of the work in order to clarify such relation. The general purpose of this paper is to study the key role of referentiation in the process of textual constitution, particularly the argumentative role the nominal referential expressions play as they perform their cognitive-discursive functions. The specific purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the nominal referential expressions built in the texts of the adopted corpus, by underlying the way they serve the author's purpose of saying and his argumentation in the attempt to convince and persuade his readers. As its theoretical framework the paper relies on the conception of text and textuality according to contemporary authors, as well as their conception of referentiation particularly of nominal referential expressions and its role in the constitution of discourse objects and in the argumentation. It is our conclusion that the author successfully uses the resources of argumentation, though he argues that claiming the truth of a given proposition is an unacceptable practice today. / Esta dissertação analisa o uso de expressões nominais referenciais em dois textos do jornalista Roberto Pompeu de Toledo, Dona Gildair e O Mercosul e a Taça Libertadores, publicados na revista Veja da qual o autor é Editor Especial nos dias 04 de abril e 11 de julho respectivamente, em 2012. A dissertação localiza-se na área de estudo da Linguística Textual, cuja definição e desenvolvimento são resumidos no início do trabalho para se explicitar essa localização. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é estudar o lugar da referenciação no processo de constituição do texto, particularmente o papel argumentativo das expressões nominais referenciais desempenhado por elas enquanto exercem as suas funções cognitivo-discursivas. O objetivo específico desta dissertação é analisar as expressões nominais referenciais construídas nos textos do corpus adotado, sublinhando-se o modo como elas servem ao propósito do dizer do autor e ao seu objetivo de argumentar para convencer e persuadir seus leitores. Para seu embasamento teórico este trabalho se apoia em concepções de texto e textualidade de autores contemporâneos, bem como em suas concepções de referenciação particularmente as de expressões nominais referenciais e do seu papel na construção de objetos de discurso e na argumentação. Nossa conclusão é que o ensaísta emprega com sucesso os recursos de argumentação, a despeito de suas afirmações de que convencer outros da verdade de uma determinada proposição é prática inaceitável em nossos tempos.

ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF ASKING REFERENTIAL QUESTIONS ON THE PARTICIPATION AND ORAL PRODUCTION OF LOWER LEVEL LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN READING CLASSES &Ouml / zcan, Seda MA, Program in English Language Teaching Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Nurdan G&uuml / rb&uuml / z May, 2010, 84 pages This study aims at investigating the effect of asking referential questions on the oral participation and production of lower level language learners in reading classes. The main purpose of the study is to inquire whether the reticence of lower level language learners to participate in lessons due to their poor language ability could be overcome by asking questions that require their opinions and comments, rather than solely answering questions to display their comprehension. For this purpose an action research was conducted in a lower level preparatory class at Izmir University of Economics over a 4-week period. This action research included a preliminary investigation stage to discover the reasons for low level of participation in these classes and to come up with a hypothesis to solve the problem, and 3 reading lessons to test the hypothesis. During those 3 lessons students were exposed to both display and referential questions and the number of students and responses were calculated for both question types to collect quantitative data. In addition, the mean lengths (in words) of students&rsquo / responses to display and referential questions were calculated to find out the differences of students&rsquo / responses in terms of length between display and referential questions. The analysis of quantitative data indicates that lower level language learners participate more when asked a referential question. Additionally, referential v questions engender longer responses compared to the responses given to the display questions.

One unresolved issue in early word learning research is the relationship between word learning, categorization, and attention. Two distinct cognitive processes, attentional preferences related to categorical processing and inter-modal matching are involved in this relationship. Keeping the effects of these processes separate and controlled can be a difficult task. Not doing so can potentially confound the interpretation of research in this area. In a series of four preferential looking studies, the effects of referential assignment and novelty seeking in infancy were teased apart. In Study 1, 13-month olds preferred to look toward a monitor on which the stimuli changed category on every trial, and away from a monitor on which the stimuli were drawn from a single category. This preference developed in conditions in which infants listened to labels, non-language sound, or participated in silence. In Study 2, 18-month-olds developed the same preference when listening to non-language sounds or when participating in silence, but developed no preference when listening to labels. Results of studies 3 and 4 suggest that the lack of preference by 18-month-olds in the label condition result from competing behaviors of novelty seeking and referential assignment. / text

In Speaker’s Reference and Semantic Reference, Saul Kripke posited two kinds of reference involved in every use of a designator—a semantic reference, to the object picked out by the meaning of the words used—and a speaker reference, to the object to which the speaker aimed to call attention by deploying the designator. Kripke tentatively defined the notion of the speaker’s referent as the object that (i) the speaker wishes to call attention to, on a given occasion, and (ii) that he believes fulfills the conditions for being the description’s semantic referent. Although offered as a definition, this account is best interpreted as a tentative statement of the normal success conditions of speaker reference. As such, it raises the question of how special a role semantic reference plays in successful speaker reference. This report addresses that question by evaluating Kripke’s tentative account in the light of an extended series of examples in which definite descriptions are used to speaker refer to objects other than the objects to which the descriptions uniquely semantically refer. The report concludes that words’ semantic characteristics are only one of several forms of evidence that audiences regularly rely on to discern what object a speaker intends to call attention to by a particular act of reference. / text

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Vooronderstellings by die Beradene - 'n Pastorale Studie is a doctoral dissertation which explores the proposition and find that identifying presuppositions ("core beliefs") and taking it into account enhances the effectiveness of the pastoral counselling process. The practical-theological model of Heitink is used as method to do research. It entails hermeneutical, empirical and strategic aspects: Hermeneutically 1. To show from Scripture some relevant perspectives on the research concept "presupposition", with the counselee in view. 2. To show from boarder sciences such as Philosophy and Psychology some relevant perspectives on the research concept "presupposition", with the counselee in view. Empirically 3. To determine if "presuppositions" play a role with counselees. Strategically 4. To formulate guidelines for effective counselling, identifying "presuppositions" of counselees and dealing with those "presuppositions". Given the understanding of "presupposition" as a belief that takes precedence over another and therefore serves as a criterion for another particular perspectives are shown from Scripture which narrow down basic concepts like "view of man", "perception" and "world and life view" pointing out that presuppositions of counselees should be taken into account. Jay Edward Adams's use of the word "presupposition" can be traced back via Cornelius van Til to the influential figure lmmanuel Kant. Van Til's use of the word is not the same as Adams though Adams associated himself with Van Til. Taking Idealism into account does not make Cornelius Van Til an Idealist. H.G. Stoker supplements Van Til's understanding and use of the word "presupposition". "Depth" and "coherence" come in this way to light with "symbiosis" regarding counselling. Aaron T. Beck's therapeutic model pertinently gives attention to and focuses upon the counselee, especially information processing by the counselee. Presuppositions ("core beliefs") can thus be clinically investigated, taken into account and be dealt with during counselling. An empirical investigation at Lydenburg, Mpumalanga, SA shows that the counselling process is definitely influenced by presuppositions of counsellees. It is therefore needed that counselling (by the Church) gives urgent and in-depth attention to presuppositions of counselees. From the classical reformed paradigm of doing theology Vooronderstellings by die Beradene - 'n Pastorale Studie formulates a therapeutic design called "Referential Therapy" and some preliminary guidelines to identify and deal with presuppositions of counselees. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Vooronderstellings by die Beradene - 'n Pastorale Studie is a doctoral dissertation which explores the proposition and find that identifying presuppositions ("core beliefs") and taking it into account enhances the effectiveness of the pastoral counselling process. The practical-theological model of Heitink is used as method to do research. It entails hermeneutical, empirical and strategic aspects: Hermeneutically 1. To show from Scripture some relevant perspectives on the research concept "presupposition", with the counselee in view. 2. To show from boarder sciences such as Philosophy and Psychology some relevant perspectives on the research concept "presupposition", with the counselee in view. Empirically 3. To determine if "presuppositions" play a role with counselees. Strategically 4. To formulate guidelines for effective counselling, identifying "presuppositions" of counselees and dealing with those "presuppositions". Given the understanding of "presupposition" as a belief that takes precedence over another and therefore serves as a criterion for another particular perspectives are shown from Scripture which narrow down basic concepts like "view of man", "perception" and "world and life view" pointing out that presuppositions of counselees should be taken into account. Jay Edward Adams's use of the word "presupposition" can be traced back via Cornelius van Til to the influential figure lmmanuel Kant. Van Til's use of the word is not the same as Adams though Adams associated himself with Van Til. Taking Idealism into account does not make Cornelius Van Til an Idealist. H.G. Stoker supplements Van Til's understanding and use of the word "presupposition". "Depth" and "coherence" come in this way to light with "symbiosis" regarding counselling. Aaron T. Beck's therapeutic model pertinently gives attention to and focuses upon the counselee, especially information processing by the counselee. Presuppositions ("core beliefs") can thus be clinically investigated, taken into account and be dealt with during counselling. An empirical investigation at Lydenburg, Mpumalanga, SA shows that the counselling process is definitely influenced by presuppositions of counsellees. It is therefore needed that counselling (by the Church) gives urgent and in-depth attention to presuppositions of counselees. From the classical reformed paradigm of doing theology Vooronderstellings by die Beradene - 'n Pastorale Studie formulates a therapeutic design called "Referential Therapy" and some preliminary guidelines to identify and deal with presuppositions of counselees. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Um dos conceitos mais fundamentais na Física é a de Referencial. Isso porque, para analisar qualquer fenômeno físico, é necessária a adoção de um Referencial. No que diz respeito aos fenômenos clássicos da Física, comumente diferenciam-se dois sistemas de referência: o sistema inercial e o não inercial. Enquanto que para o primeiro são válidas e aplicáveis as leis de Newton, para o segundo ocorrem inconsistências físicas. Além disso, independentemente de um Referencial ser inercial ou não, é interessante saber o que caracteriza um Referencial. Muitas pessoas consideram que Referenciais são objetos físicos, normalmente vinculados ao seu estado de repouso em relação à Terra, por exemplo, árvores, postes, estradas, etc. Porém, um objeto por si não é um Referencial. Um Referencial é caracterizado por um ponto de origem e, sobre este, a intersecção de três retas perpendiculares entre si que darão as direções. Na Física, normalmente utiliza-se um Referencial para mensurar posição, velocidade e aceleração, que, por sua vez, são grandezas vetoriais, necessitando de módulo, direção e sentido, o que requer de um Referencial mais do que um simples ponto de origem. Assim, é interessante analisar como um sujeito que já possui um conhecimento de Física interpreta um Referencial. Neste trabalho analisei as noções de Referenciais Inerciais de sujeitos do Ensino Superior que cursam uma disciplina introdutória de Mecânica Clássica. Baseado na Epistemologia Genética, encontrei subsídios que possibilitaram compreender e analisar as noções evidenciadas pelos sujeitos. Este trabalho evidencia noções de Referencial Inercial que possibilitam ao sujeito responder a três perguntas fundamentais: o que é um Referencial? Como se diferenciam dois ou mais Referenciais? Todos os Referenciais são válidos para a Mecânica Clássica? Como resultado, foram encontradas três noções de Referencial Inercial, cada qual possibilitando ao sujeito agir sobre diversas situações da Mecânica Clássica. / One of the most fundamental concepts in physics is of Referential. That's because, to analyze any physical phenomenon, it is necessary to adopt a Referential. With regard to the classical phenomena of the Physics, commonly differentiate two reference systems: the inertial system and non inertial. Whereas for the first are valid and apply Newton's laws, to the second physical inconsistencies occur. Moreover, irrespective of a Referential be inertial or not, it is interesting to know what characterizes a Referential. Many people believe that Referential are physical objects, usually linked to their state of rest relative to Earth, for example, trees, poles, roads, etc. Howerer an object by itself is not a Referential. A Referential is characterized by a point of origin and, on this, the intersection of three mutually perpendicular lines that will give directions. In physics, normally used as a Referential to measure position, velocity and acceleration, which, in turn, are vectorial largeness, needing module, direction and sense, which requires a Referential more than a simple point of origin. Thus, it is interesting to analyze how a guy who already has knowledge of Physics interprets a Referential. This work analyzed the notions of Inertial Referential of subjects in higher education that attend a course introductory of Classical Mechanics. Based on Genetic Epistemology, found subsidies that make possible to understand and analyze the notions evidenced by the subjects. This work shows that notions of Inertial Referential that allow the subject to answer three fundamental questions: What is a Referential? How are differentiated two or more Referential? All Referential are valid for Classical Mechanics? As a result, found three notions of Inertial Referential, each allowing the individual to act on several situations of Classical Mechanics.