The aim of this study was to explore the role of environmental education in dealing with solid waste in the Central Business District of Thohoyandou. The study was carried out in the Thohoyandou Central Business District (CBD). Two organisations were identified as practising environmental education in Thohoyandou, namely, the Environmental Education Desk (Environmental Affairs) and the Environmental Health Services (Thulamela Municipality). Officers from these organisations were interviewed. Vendors and hawkers in the Thohoyandou Central Business District were asked to complete a questionnaire on the role of environmental education in dealing with solid waste. The literature review in the study included the theoretical perspectives on environmental education and solid waste. From this review that solid waste can have both a positive and negative impact on the local and global environment. Therefore, environmental education that has a role in dealing with solid waste has an important part to play in sustainable development. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Environmental Education)

This study aimed at using different types of food wastes as major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. The major objectives were to (1) investigate the variations of metalloid/metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the fish ponds (pond mud and water), and food wastes used as fish feeds; (2) analyze bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the food chains; and (3) evaluate the potential health risks of exposure (to these pollutants) via dietary intake of fish fed with food waste feeds. The traditional fish farming model was used to culture low trophic level fish: a filter feeder (bighead, Aristichthys nobilis), a herbivore (grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and a bottom feeder (mud carp, Cirrhina molitorella), which are more environmental friendly as they can utilize more solar energy. Furthermore, low-trophic level fish are less susceptible to the accumulation of toxic chemicals. Two types of food wastes (mainly containing cereal (Food Waste A) and meat waste meal (Food Waste B)) were used as the major source of protein to replace the fish meal in fish feed to culture fish. The concentrations of metalloid (arsenic (As)), metals (mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni)) in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment of the 3 experimental fish ponds located in Sha Tau Kok Organic Farm were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year) and the results were similar to or lower than those in the commercial fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Results of the health risk assessments indicated that human consumption of grass carp (a herbivore) which fed food waste feed pellets would be safer than other fish species (mud carp, bighead carp and largemouth bass). There were no or lower magnifications, and low concentrations of metalloid/metals contained in the ponds indicated that the practice of traditional pond management by draining pond water regularly can provide a better fish pond habitat for birds and other wildlife. Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced Hg accumulation in the cultured fish. During October 2011 - December 2012, the concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in three experimental fish ponds were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year). The results were similar to or lower than those obtained in commercial fish ponds around the PRD region. The mean concentrations of .PAHs and .OCPs in sediment and fish collected from the experimental fish ponds during the 2nd half year (May 2012 to December 2012) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the 1st half year (October 2011 to April, 2012). .PAHs and .DDTs in the two species of fish (grass carp and bighead carp) were significantly increased (p<0.05) with time, and PAHs and DDTs in grass carp and bighead carp fed with commercial fish feed pellets (control group) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fish fed with food waste pellets (Food Waste A and Food Waste B). Fruit, vegetables, bone meal and meat products were the major sources of PAHs and OCPs contamination for producing Food Waste A and Food Waste B. No significant increases in PAHs and DDTs concentrations with trophic levels were observed in the experimental ponds, showing that PAHs were not biomagnifed in the omnivorous food chains (plankton, grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp). DDTs were lower magnifications than those predatory food chains (plankton, trash fish, and largemouth bass) in farmed ponds. There was a very low cancer risk for PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish.PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish. The present results revealed that recycling of food waste for cultivating low trophic level fish (mainly bighead carp and grass carp) is feasible, which will also ease the disposal pressure of the large volume of food waste, a common problem encountered in densely populated cites such as Hong Kong.

This research aimed to investigate an area of research that has largely been overlooked in the past, that is, the efficiency, profitability and sustainability of informal waste recycling in semi-urban areas. In exploring the research topic, a recycling buyback centre was used as a case study. The centre facilitates collection, sorting and selling of waste and is located in Senwabarwana, Northern Limpopo Province. Here the P.E.A.C.E (Planning, Education, Agriculture, Cooperatives and Environment) Foundation, an organisation looking at rural poverty alleviation in South Africa, initiated a flagship recycling buyback centre as a community project. This research picks up on prior research that was conducted on a similar project initiated by the same organisation in Ndumo, KwaZulu Natal. Even though the location is different from KwaZulu Natal, both Senwabarwana and Ndumo are faced with similar challenges affecting social, economic and environmental circumstances. Five objectives were identified to provide structure to this research. Through action research, the study assessed the sustainability of this recycling buyback centre with regard to the impact on social, economic and environmental factors within Senwabarwana. It also covered problems experienced in rolling out waste management initiatives within the semi-urban study location and assessed the municipal framework with regard to waste and how waste is managed and recycled. Furthermore, analyses of the waste data generated at the recycling centre was examined that culminated in offering solutions to the identified problems. Recommendations for acceptable practices in semi-urban waste management are made to enable further research and potentially up-scaling the project for application in other geographic areas. The study reports both qualitative and quantitative data collected through the investigation of the case study in the start-up phase. The data gathering was done through administering questionnaires to waste pickers associated with the case study centre. Telephonic and face-to-face interviews and secondary data were interchangeably used to address each of the five objectives. The results from the data gathered show that, if properly coordinated and structured, informal waste recycling in semi-urban communities is possible and can contribute positively to the socio-economic and environmental development of these areas. It is envisaged that this study would contribute to the body of knowledge already in existence, whilst also creating an opportunity for further academic research and input within this field to enable the scaling-up of such initiatives. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

A partir da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) instituída pela Lei n.º 12.305 de 2010, os gestores municipais passam a ser responsabilizados quanto as suas ações no tocante a geração e destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Entretanto, a Política Nacional busca um novo modelo de gestão, promovendo a inclusão social, a logística reversa e outros instrumentos que devem ser direcionados pelos planos municipais de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A questão é saber qual efeito esta Lei surtiu após 6 anos da sua instituição nas capitais brasileiras? Para responder esta questão o presente trabalho buscou analisar as ações do poder público municipal e as respectivas mudanças geradas nos indicadores da gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos alinhados com os seus Planos Municipais de Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos Sólidos PMGIRS. Delimitou-se a análise aos municípios de Belo Horizonte-MG, Curitiba-PR e Porto Alegre-RS, por apresentarem semelhanças socioeconômicas e ambientais, tendo como intervalo de estudo os anos entre 2008 a 2014, por dar possibilidade de análise o período que antecede e subsequente à instituição da PNRS. Para tanto foram analisados os dados disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE); Sistema Nacional de Informação de Resíduos Sólidos (SINIR- RS); Sistema Nacional de Informação de Saneamento (SNIS); institutos de pesquisa dos estados de Minas Gerais, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul e informações das Prefeituras em questão. O presente estudo baseou-se em pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, além de estabelecer uma fundamentação teórica sobre o assunto abordado. Como resultado, foi caracterizada a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos dos municípios em questão e avaliado comparativamente os indicadores destes municípios. Os municípios já instituíram seus planos municipais, que estão alinhados com a PNRS, entretanto os indicadores de reciclagem e reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos não evoluíram significativamente. / From the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) established by the 2010 Law 12.305,municipal managers become accountable for their actions regarding the generation and disposal of municipal solid waste. However, the National Policy seeks a new management model, promoting social inclusion, reverse logistics and other instruments to be targeted by the municipal plans for integrated solid waste management. The question is what effect this law has had after 6 years of its institution in the Brazilian states capital. To answer this question this study sought to analyze the actions of the municipal government and its changes generated in municipal solid waste management indicators aligned with their Municipal Plans for Integrated Solid Waste Management (PMGIRS). The analysis was delimited to the municipalities of Belo Horizonte-MG, Curitiba-PR and Porto Alegre-RS, for presenting socioeconomic and environmental similarities, with the study interval the years between 2008 and 2014, to give possibility to analyze the period preceding and following the institution of the PNRS. Therefore the available data analyzed was from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE); National System of Solid Waste Information (SINIR-RS); National Sanitation Information System (SNIS); research institutes in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul and information of the Prefectures in question. This study was based on quantitative and qualitative research, besides the establishment of a theoretical foundation on the subject matter. As a result, waste management was characterized in the municipalities concerned and weighed against the indicators of these municipalities. The municipalities have already instituted their municipal plans that are aligned with the PNRS, however the indicators of recycling and reuse of waste have not evolved significantly.

Devido às mudanças no paradigma de consumo mundial, tornou-se imprescindível o gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos domiciliares, como prevê a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Na propriedade rural, esta problemática é real e crescente, porém muito pouco estudada, nacionalmente e internacionalmente. Este trabalho apresenta o monitoramento da composição gravimétrica de resíduos sólidos domiciliares recicláveis e de indicadores das propriedades (Índice de Diversificação de Renda, Renda Bruta Total, Renda Agrícola, “Outras Rendas”, Superfície Agrícola Útil, Valor Financeiro Mensal de Consumo e a distância dos domicílios rurais até o centro comercial urbano) e suas relações com a produção mensal de resíduos sólidos domiciliares recicláveis de 31 residências de agricultores familiares no município de Chopinzinho-PR durante 12 meses (abril/2010 a março/2011). Registrou-se a produção per capita anual de 5,48 kg de resíduos com a ocorrência de plástico (46,47%), papel e papelão (27,18%), vidro (13,28%), metal (8,58%), multicamadas (3,00%), outros (0,98%) e poliestireno (0,52%). Não foram identificados produtos têxteis, mistos e borrachas. Identificou-se uma variação significativa na produção de resíduos nos meses de dezembro e agosto, quando ocorreu a maior produção. Entre as estações do ano não ocorreu variação significativa na produção média de resíduos, ocorrendo variação apenas na composição gravimétrica de papel e papelão, vidro, multicamadas e outros. Indicadores econômicos, tais como gasto financeiro mensal, renda total, renda agrícola e “outras rendas” foram determinantes no volume de produção de resíduos das famílias. Os gastos mensais (R$ 320,21) das famílias com aquisição de alimentos, materiais de higiene e limpeza não apresentaram diferença significativa no período. Registrou-se a inexistência de correlação entre a distância das famílias do centro urbano e a produção de resíduos. Gerenciar os resíduos domiciliares vai além de planejar a coleta seletiva. É imprescindível gerar novas legislações a fim de responsabilizar os fabricantes pelo ciclo global de vida de seus produtos, tanto no meio urbano como também no rural. / According to changes of the paradigm on world consumption, it has become essential the integrated management of solid household waste, as indicated by National Solid Waste Policy. On rural area this is a real problem that grows constantly. Neither nationally nor internationally has this problem been studied with special attention. This report shows the monitoring of gravimetric households solid waste and property directories (Index of Income Diversification, Total Gross Income, Agricultural Income, “Other Incomes”, Agricultural Incomes, Profitable Agricultural Area, Monthly Financial Value on Consumption and Distance from Rural Area to the Urban Center), and their relation to monthly production of solid waste on 31 family farm homes in Chopinzinho for 12 months (ron April/2010 to March/2011). The annual per capita recorded was 5.48 kg of waste, with the occurrence of plastic (46.47%), paper and cardboard (27.18%), glass (13.28%), metal (8.58%), multi-layer (3.00%), others (0.98%) and polystyrene (0.52%). No textile, mixed material and rubber were identified. A significant variation in the average production of waste was recorded in December and August, which were the highest ones. Among seasons of the year no significant variation occurred on waste average production, it happened only on gravimetric composition of paper and cardboard, glass, multi-layer and others. Economic indexes, such as monthly expenses, total income, agriculture income, and others, were determiners on production volume of households waste. The family monthly expenses (R$ 320,21) with hygiene and cleaning products did not present significant changes on this period. There is no correlation between rural households distance from the urban commercial center and waste production. Managing the household waste goes further than organizing a selective collection. Nowadays is essential to create new laws in order to place the responsibility on manufactures for global life cycle of its products, whether in urban or rural areas.

CNPq; CAPES / O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos é um tema muito abordado atualmente, isto se deve ao fato de haver um aumento significativo de produção dos resíduos sólidos que, ao serem dispostos inadequadamente, são fontes poluidoras do ar, solo e águas. A necessidade de gerir de forma adequada os resíduos sólidos urbanos evoluiu de forma rápida e progressivamente, tornando-se um desafio para a sociedade e para a administração pública. No intuito de contribuir para o debate, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo analisar a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos adotado pelo município de Pato Branco – PR e sua adequação à legislação vigente. Este trabalho teve como base metodológica um estudo de caso empregando-se técnicas de coleta de dados. Considerando os resultados obtidos através de visitação e observação, entrevistas e questionários, torna-se possível verificar qual a situação da implementação da legislação vigente, principalmente a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei nº 12.305/2010). Apesar de se identificarem avanços importantes no município estudado, principalmente na coleta dos resíduos sólidos e na destinação em aterro sanitário, verificam-se ainda duas questões pendentes, que referem-se a remediação do passivo ambiental do antigo aterro e realização da compostagem dos resíduos orgânico. Pontua-se portanto, que o avanço no gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos está atrelado a aplicação de políticas pública adequadas e ao compartilhamento das responsabilidades entre todos os atores envolvidos. / The solid waste management is a topic much discussed today, this is due to the fact that we have a significant increase in production of solid waste which, when improperly disposed, are polluting sources of air, soil and water. The need to properly manage municipal solid waste evolved quickly and progressively, making it a challenge for society and public administration. In order to contribute to the discussion, this thesis was to analyze the municipal solid waste management process adopted by the city of Pato Branco - PR and its adaptation to the current legislation. This work was methodological basis a case study in qualitative research employing techniques of collecting primary and secondary data. Considering the results obtained through visitation and observation, interviews and questionnaires, it is possible to find what the status of implementation of existing legislation, especially the Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Law nº 12,305/2010). Despite identify important advances in the city studied, especially in the collection of solid waste and disposal in landfill, there are still two outstanding issues, which relate to remediation of environmental liabilities of the old landfill and performing the composting of organic waste. It points out therefore that the advance in the management of appropriate solid waste is related to the implementation of public policies and the sharing of responsibilities between all actors involved.

Devido às mudanças no paradigma de consumo mundial, tornou-se imprescindível o gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos domiciliares, como prevê a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Na propriedade rural, esta problemática é real e crescente, porém muito pouco estudada, nacionalmente e internacionalmente. Este trabalho apresenta o monitoramento da composição gravimétrica de resíduos sólidos domiciliares recicláveis e de indicadores das propriedades (Índice de Diversificação de Renda, Renda Bruta Total, Renda Agrícola, “Outras Rendas”, Superfície Agrícola Útil, Valor Financeiro Mensal de Consumo e a distância dos domicílios rurais até o centro comercial urbano) e suas relações com a produção mensal de resíduos sólidos domiciliares recicláveis de 31 residências de agricultores familiares no município de Chopinzinho-PR durante 12 meses (abril/2010 a março/2011). Registrou-se a produção per capita anual de 5,48 kg de resíduos com a ocorrência de plástico (46,47%), papel e papelão (27,18%), vidro (13,28%), metal (8,58%), multicamadas (3,00%), outros (0,98%) e poliestireno (0,52%). Não foram identificados produtos têxteis, mistos e borrachas. Identificou-se uma variação significativa na produção de resíduos nos meses de dezembro e agosto, quando ocorreu a maior produção. Entre as estações do ano não ocorreu variação significativa na produção média de resíduos, ocorrendo variação apenas na composição gravimétrica de papel e papelão, vidro, multicamadas e outros. Indicadores econômicos, tais como gasto financeiro mensal, renda total, renda agrícola e “outras rendas” foram determinantes no volume de produção de resíduos das famílias. Os gastos mensais (R$ 320,21) das famílias com aquisição de alimentos, materiais de higiene e limpeza não apresentaram diferença significativa no período. Registrou-se a inexistência de correlação entre a distância das famílias do centro urbano e a produção de resíduos. Gerenciar os resíduos domiciliares vai além de planejar a coleta seletiva. É imprescindível gerar novas legislações a fim de responsabilizar os fabricantes pelo ciclo global de vida de seus produtos, tanto no meio urbano como também no rural. / According to changes of the paradigm on world consumption, it has become essential the integrated management of solid household waste, as indicated by National Solid Waste Policy. On rural area this is a real problem that grows constantly. Neither nationally nor internationally has this problem been studied with special attention. This report shows the monitoring of gravimetric households solid waste and property directories (Index of Income Diversification, Total Gross Income, Agricultural Income, “Other Incomes”, Agricultural Incomes, Profitable Agricultural Area, Monthly Financial Value on Consumption and Distance from Rural Area to the Urban Center), and their relation to monthly production of solid waste on 31 family farm homes in Chopinzinho for 12 months (ron April/2010 to March/2011). The annual per capita recorded was 5.48 kg of waste, with the occurrence of plastic (46.47%), paper and cardboard (27.18%), glass (13.28%), metal (8.58%), multi-layer (3.00%), others (0.98%) and polystyrene (0.52%). No textile, mixed material and rubber were identified. A significant variation in the average production of waste was recorded in December and August, which were the highest ones. Among seasons of the year no significant variation occurred on waste average production, it happened only on gravimetric composition of paper and cardboard, glass, multi-layer and others. Economic indexes, such as monthly expenses, total income, agriculture income, and others, were determiners on production volume of households waste. The family monthly expenses (R$ 320,21) with hygiene and cleaning products did not present significant changes on this period. There is no correlation between rural households distance from the urban commercial center and waste production. Managing the household waste goes further than organizing a selective collection. Nowadays is essential to create new laws in order to place the responsibility on manufactures for global life cycle of its products, whether in urban or rural areas.

CNPq; CAPES / O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos é um tema muito abordado atualmente, isto se deve ao fato de haver um aumento significativo de produção dos resíduos sólidos que, ao serem dispostos inadequadamente, são fontes poluidoras do ar, solo e águas. A necessidade de gerir de forma adequada os resíduos sólidos urbanos evoluiu de forma rápida e progressivamente, tornando-se um desafio para a sociedade e para a administração pública. No intuito de contribuir para o debate, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo analisar a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos adotado pelo município de Pato Branco – PR e sua adequação à legislação vigente. Este trabalho teve como base metodológica um estudo de caso empregando-se técnicas de coleta de dados. Considerando os resultados obtidos através de visitação e observação, entrevistas e questionários, torna-se possível verificar qual a situação da implementação da legislação vigente, principalmente a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei nº 12.305/2010). Apesar de se identificarem avanços importantes no município estudado, principalmente na coleta dos resíduos sólidos e na destinação em aterro sanitário, verificam-se ainda duas questões pendentes, que referem-se a remediação do passivo ambiental do antigo aterro e realização da compostagem dos resíduos orgânico. Pontua-se portanto, que o avanço no gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos está atrelado a aplicação de políticas pública adequadas e ao compartilhamento das responsabilidades entre todos os atores envolvidos. / The solid waste management is a topic much discussed today, this is due to the fact that we have a significant increase in production of solid waste which, when improperly disposed, are polluting sources of air, soil and water. The need to properly manage municipal solid waste evolved quickly and progressively, making it a challenge for society and public administration. In order to contribute to the discussion, this thesis was to analyze the municipal solid waste management process adopted by the city of Pato Branco - PR and its adaptation to the current legislation. This work was methodological basis a case study in qualitative research employing techniques of collecting primary and secondary data. Considering the results obtained through visitation and observation, interviews and questionnaires, it is possible to find what the status of implementation of existing legislation, especially the Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Law nº 12,305/2010). Despite identify important advances in the city studied, especially in the collection of solid waste and disposal in landfill, there are still two outstanding issues, which relate to remediation of environmental liabilities of the old landfill and performing the composting of organic waste. It points out therefore that the advance in the management of appropriate solid waste is related to the implementation of public policies and the sharing of responsibilities between all actors involved.

M.Sc. (Environmental Management) / The University of Johannesburg (UJ) generates vast quantities of solid waste daily. One of the four campuses, Doornfontein campus, was chosen as study area, to calculate the amounts of waste generated and investigate changes in volume from 2009 to 2013. Waste collected from the campus was separated into recyclables and non-recyclables. The recyclable waste was then further divided into different categories, with each weighed separately. The discourse provides an overview of solid waste and the management thereof, in conjunction with a review of changes and updates to past and current legislation pertaining to waste management in South Africa. Furthermore, the study provides an assessment of waste management and recycling practices at international and national academic institutions and examines the UJ waste policy and policy implementation. Finally, the study provides recommendations for improving the management of waste at UJ.

M.Tech. (Chemical Engineering) / Solid waste management is a growing environmental concern in developing countries such as South Africa. Waste tyres fall under the general solid waste category give rise to land filling, health and environmental challenges. As a result, majority of these waste tyres accumulate in large quantities at landfill sites or end up being illegally disposed in open fields. Thus, sustainable remedial technologies such as pyrolysis which are environmentally friendly must be developed. Pyrolysis offers a number of attractive advantages as a treatment option such as the production of primary and secondary economic valuable products, namely pyrolysis gas, oil, char and steel wires. The objective of this work was the development of a business model which includes costing, procurement, installation, commissioning and operating a batch pyrolysis plant in Gauteng, South Africa. In addition this work assesses the environmental, socio-economic aspects for waste tyre derived products. The study objectives were achieved through literature research, site visits, telephonic and personal interviews as well as questionnaires. An order of magnitude costing method was used for the construction of the pyrolysis business model. The model showed that it is possible to operate and sustain a batch pyrolysis plant with a constant supply of waste tyres in the Gauteng region. This research has also shown that a batch plant with a 12 year life span and a projected payback period of approximately 5 years can be operated. However, an initial capital incentive of R 10 173 075.00 is required which includes the cost of all major equipment, plant assessment costs, building and structure, engineering and construction and other costs such as contingency fees and office utilities. Four major income streams are expected to be core revenues for the business; the waste tyre gate fee, tyre derived pyrolysis oil, carbon black and steel wire. Project evaluation methods such as the Return on Investment (ROI), Return of Assets (ROA) and the Rate of Return (ROR) were in strong agreement with those obtained from literature. In addition, the positive net present value shows that the project is viable. However, a stable and well regulated market should exist for the pyrolysis products.