Developing countries are experiencing social and economic transformation which many countries have already experienced at some periods during the course of their history. In the rural areas of developing countries this transformation has taken the form of 'community development.' Community development is a process and a method by which the government mobilizes the initiative and energy of especially rural communities to improve their living conditions, through its financial and technical assistance. Up to date, over thirty countries have full-fledged community development programmes. As a result of different cultural practices of these countries, the diversity of their political and administrative organizations, their economic conditions, and, a multiplicity of other factors, the programmes have been tailored to suit the particular needs of each country. The programmes can be classified into three main types: integrative, adaptive, and project types. The extent to which the programmes are contributing to the development of rural areas constitutes the central problem which this paper seeks to examine. An assumption made is that, provided the programmes are well designed and administered, they can contribute substantially to rural development. Four important areas of activity of community development programmes; namely, agriculture, land reform, cottage and small-scale industries, and capital or physical facilities, such as roads, schools, health centres, and land reclamation, have critically been examined against the background of community and regional planning. In examining these contributions, it has been discovered that they are on the whole unsatisfactory because of the following reasons: (a) administrative difficulties created by the lack of co-ordination of activities between community development agencies and other government agencies; (b) ineffective community development techniques, such as, 'planning from below' and voluntary contribution of labour. Since the programmes are not making satisfactory contribution to rural development it is suggested that the government should play a dominant role in the planning of programmes. In essence, community development techniques should be integrated with community and regional planning techniques. Using Ghana as a test-case, it is also considered that community and regional planning can be useful, provided administrative difficulties are removed by establishing one central agency for community development under the highest administrator. In conclusion, it is determined that community development, through its multi-purpose programmes, attempts to solve socio-economic problems of rural communities, but its techniques are ineffective to solve these problems. Hence community development techniques must be integrated with the more effective techniques of community and regional planning. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

One of the main concerns of the urban planner should be to establish an efficient pattern of locations for the goods and services that serve the population of the city and metropolitan region. Efficiency in the layout of a city should be sought as an objective, in keeping with aesthetic and sociological considerations, to provide a pleasing urban environment. To achieve efficiency in the distribution of establishments providing goods and services there must be a basis for making locational decisions. One method of analysis on which to base decisions is the Central Place System. This is a method of explaining the geographic distribution of centres which serve the surrounding population. The theory behind the Central Place System developed from observations on the distances people would travel to fulfil certain needs which could only be satisfied from a central place. A hierarchy of needs was recognized, some of which had to be satisfied frequently by everyone, such as the need for food. This need people would want satisfied at little cost of time and effort. For other less frequently required needs, people would be willing to travel further. A hierarchy of centres would thus develop, the smallest unit having only a grocery store and the largest unit possessing the complete range of functions to satisfy every need. The ideal pattern for such a hierarchy was postulated as a system of hexagons. This system was tested and found to be substantially valid in an area of equal distribution of disposable income and equal ease of travel in all directions. Before a hierarchical pattern can be established, however, the centrality of the centres must be measured. Presumably, the Central Business District is the highest order of centre in any urban region, in that it possesses the functions which people in the urban area are willing to travel the greatest distance to reach. The corner grocery store is the lowest order of centre. The measurement of the ranks that should be ascribed to centres between these two extremes involves concepts of the threshold and relative specialization of functions. The study of central places in Vancouver, British Columbia, revealed a hierarchy of functions and a resultant hierarchy of centres. Experimentation with the pattern suggested that certain tentative conclusions could be made based upon the observed hierarchy. The Central Place System is a way of synthetizing geographic and economic information into a coherent statement. It is useful to the urban planner as a basis for making policy decisions on locations of urban activities. Using the system, inefficiencies in the present layout of the city can be determined and plans made to counterbalance the existing inefficiencies. The hierarchical pattern of centres can serve as a basis for deciding where expressway interchanges should be located to combine local and through traffic needs. It is useful to determine where service centres should be in redevelopment areas. In areas being subjected to intensive development for the first time the Central Place System can be used to predetermine the best locations for service centres to serve the new area in co-ordination with the existing centres. The Central Place System provides a framework for study and analysis of the pattern of urban service centres in relation to each other and to the surrounding region. As well as being useful for making decisions with regard to specific location problems, it provides an understanding and a perspective for urban spatial relationships. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The human race exists and progresses by virtue of a sum of knowledge, with which it is able to maintain a measure of control over the physical world. The real wealth of any region, race or nation is drawn from the land and today much of this land is bankrupt. Through overpopulation and misuse of his natural resources, man is rapidly backing himself into an ecological trap. The solution to this problem is to increase what may be termed the "carrying capacity" of the land. The only way this may be done is by national land use planning and development of resources on a regional basis. In developing land for any purpose, man faces certain physical limitations. The two most obvious and important are climate and land forms. Throughout history these fields have been studied and today are large and complex branches of science - they have remained, however, largely separate fields. Only very recently have some advances been made in the field of climatic geomorphology. The investigators in this field have tried to show some of the complex interrelationships that exist between climate and geomorphology. Unfortunately, although it shows great promise, most work to date has been on a highly academic level and its practical application has been piecemeal at best. This thesis is a modest attempt to define, on one hand, some fundamental interrelationships between climatology and geomorphology and then, on the other hand, to apply these defined principles to selected types of resource development regions. In this presentation, it is recognized that other factors, economic, political, administrative, technological, etc. may be equally, if not more important, in determining the patterns and nature of regional resource development; these factors, however, are only referred to in passing. The overall presentation is as follows: firstly, the need for regional resource planning is discussed in the light of pertinent physical factors. This is followed by two chapters which present an introduction into climatology and land forms. In these chapters the basic concepts and terms of these fields are explained and provide the essential background for the discussion to follow. To conclude the discussion of the physical elements, the two fields are interrelated and fundamental principles applicable to regional resource development, are developed. In the next section of the paper these principles are applied to selected types of resource development regions. In this connection, two major areas of development are examined as "case studies". These areas include: (1) the Kitimat-Kemano region as an example of the development of one resource; (2) the Lower Mainland region as an example of complex resource development which is influenced by a large urban area. Finally, the general applications of climatic and geomorphic principles to regional resource development which emerge from the examination of the two case studies are discussed. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

In the planning profession there is increasing recognition of the complex relationship of variables in an urban region which impede rational decision-making. In order to cope with this problem, quantitative models have been developed in recent years. It is the purpose of this study to investigate and evaluate the present stage of model-building as it applies to regional planning. It is hypothesized that the application of land use allocation models is a desirable aid for rational decisionmaking in regional planning. The study begins with an outline of the theoretical basis for building land use allocation models: economic location theory and social physics. Economic location theory is mainly concerned with finding criteria for a rational choice of the location for a firm or a household. In this context, the concept of economic rent is discussed. In order to give explanations of the land use patterns within a region the basic notion in respect to agricultural production is developed and then extended to the urban land uses. The second approach to land use allocation models, social physics, is mainly based on statistical regularities in explaining human mass behavior. The most commonly employed concept is the gravity principle, which is an attempt to apply Newton's physical law of gravitation to social, mass behavior. This concept is very often applied in community and regional planning and has yielded acceptable results in a great number of studies. In part three the most important elements and steps in the process of model-building are discussed, including rules or standards which should be considered by a model-builder. First of all, a wide range of types of models are examined in order that the proper model may be selected for an actual regional planning problem. The design process is also discussed in some detail and it is shown that there is evidence of fundamental criteria for model building. Part four is concerned with three selected existing regional land use allocation models. The model of the Pittsburgh Region was the first operational model on a regional level and its ingenuity influenced numerous model-builders. One of the most salient findings of this model, which is mainly based on social physics, relates to the fact that the gravity principle seems to have enough flexibility to comprehend the spatial pattern of land uses within an urban region. The model of the State of Connecticut is based on the shift-analysis framework and distributes three population and six employment groups to the 169 towns of the State of Connecticut. Its basic feature is the ability to replicate the structure of a region as large as a state and it is therefore of great interest as a macro-approach. The structure of the model is relatively simple and the data requirements are not intensive. Hence, it seems that such a model framework could serve as a sound basis for models in other study areas. The Bay Area Simulation Study is one of the most recent models. It introduces a high level of disaggregation and assumptions which are based, to some extent, on economic location theory. Hence, it can be said that its basic concept relates to the working mechanism of the market process. The structure of the model is based on a number of interrelated submodels, including a set of employment allocation models and a set of residential allocation models. The final part of this study relates the findings of the preceding parts to regional planning. It is shown that regional planning is fundamentally a locational problem. In addition, some experiences of model application by planning agencies are discussed. These experiences emphasize the fact that, the essential feature of land use allocation models is to improve the rationality of decision-making. By comparing the advantages of models with the principal difficulties in application it is then possible to derive the final conclusion that land use allocation models are a desirable aid for rational decision-making in regional planning. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis is about regional development in the new global economy. Changes in the world economy, notably the trend toward multinational big business and an international division of labour, are affecting, in various ways and in varying degrees, those people and places that are part of this interdependent system. Nevertheless, one constant theme is becoming discernable: the operating rules of global capitalism are antagonistic to attempts by regions to develop a self-sustaining, self-reliant economy. The resulting crisis of development is an aspect of the new economic order that mainstream development paradigms of industrial society are ill-equipped to explain, let alone resolve. In an effort to come to grips with this crisis of development there has been a growing interest in the possibility of social and economic reconstruction at the regional and community level. This bottom-up approach, referred to here as Communal Cooperation, is being advocated as a more socially responsive and economically viable alternative to the dependence and underdevelopment that follow in the wake of functional integration into the international network of economic relations. However, as this thesis argues, Communal Cooperative strategies of self-management must be complemented with the kind of overall management and coordination that has become necessary in today's interdependent economy. The purpose of this thesis is to translate these general principles into practical terms by presenting a development strategy for the province of British Columbia. British Columbia is a resource economy, exporting its raw materials to the industrial centres of the world and, given the dynamics of economic globalism, there is little opportunity to break out of this mold and develop a self-sustaining, diversified economic base. The development options outlined in this thesis are designed to counteract this trend and ensure that international trade serves regional and community interests. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Includes bibliographic references.

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Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

O tema deste trabalho centra-se no desenvolvimento regional articulado em diferentes categorias de análise dentro de uma perspectiva econômica. Este enfoque apoia-se em dois aspectos: diversidade e convergência. A diversidade é verificada no campo dos agentes sociais, ou seja, a população, capital humano e suas formas de produção do território. Já a convergência é interpretada na perspectiva política através dos distintos interesses e negociações que viabilizam as dinâmicas regionais. O objeto de estudo constitui-se num contexto regional, o COREDE Norte, no RS, que tem como centro urbano estratégico Erechim, no período compreendido basicamente entre 1991 e 2010. A pesquisa tem como problema de investigação a análise de como tem ocorrido o processo de desenvolvimento na região do COREDE Norte e, mais especialmente, em Erechim. Parte-se da premissa de que o desenvolvimento regional está diretamente relacionado ao conjunto de variáveis capital, trabalho, capital humano e tecnologia, que tendem a adicionar valor e que potencializam os valores econômicos e sociais de uma dada região. Para as análises destas quatro variáveis, o trabalho foi decomposto em 14 indicadores, tendo sido utilizados 111 dados estatísticos, os quais serviram para ratificar a hipótese central da pesquisa. Este trabalho reforça a ideia de que deve ser considerada a criação, no Brasil, da figura jurídica da Região, pois principalmente dadas nossas dimensões territoriais, a divisão em Estados e Municípios tem se apresentado insuficiente para a gestão focada no desenvolvimento. Também mostra a necessidade de que se efetivem as atitudes em escala regional, visto que somente com o fortalecimento de um conjunto de municípios poderemos ver cidades com melhores índices de desenvolvimento e, por consequência, que ofereçam melhor qualidade de vida a seus habitantes. / This work’s theme focuses on regional development articulated in different categories of analysis within an economic perspective. This approach relies on two aspects: diversity and convergence. Diversity is verified in the field of social agents, ie, population, human capital and its forms of production of the territory. Already convergence is interpreted in political perspective through the different interests and negotiations that enable the regional dynamics. The object of study is constituted in a regional context, the COREDE North, in the RS, which has a strategic urban center, Erechim, in the period basically between 1991 and 2010. The research’s question problem is the analysis as has been the development process in COREDE North’s region and more particularly in Erechim. It starts with the premise that regional development is directly associated to the set of variables capital, labor, human capital and technology, which tend to add value and that maximize the economic and social values of a given region. For the analysis of these four variables, the work was broken down into 14 indicators have been used 111 statistics, which served to confirm the central hypothesis of the research. This work reinforces the idea that the creation should be considered, in Brazil, the legal concept of the Region, as especially given our territorial dimensions, the division into states and municipalities has presented insufficient for management focused on the development. It also shows the need to give effect to the actions at the regional level, since only the strengthening of a number of municipalities we see cities with better development indices and therefore providing better quality of life for its inhabitants.

O tema deste trabalho centra-se no desenvolvimento regional articulado em diferentes categorias de análise dentro de uma perspectiva econômica. Este enfoque apoia-se em dois aspectos: diversidade e convergência. A diversidade é verificada no campo dos agentes sociais, ou seja, a população, capital humano e suas formas de produção do território. Já a convergência é interpretada na perspectiva política através dos distintos interesses e negociações que viabilizam as dinâmicas regionais. O objeto de estudo constitui-se num contexto regional, o COREDE Norte, no RS, que tem como centro urbano estratégico Erechim, no período compreendido basicamente entre 1991 e 2010. A pesquisa tem como problema de investigação a análise de como tem ocorrido o processo de desenvolvimento na região do COREDE Norte e, mais especialmente, em Erechim. Parte-se da premissa de que o desenvolvimento regional está diretamente relacionado ao conjunto de variáveis capital, trabalho, capital humano e tecnologia, que tendem a adicionar valor e que potencializam os valores econômicos e sociais de uma dada região. Para as análises destas quatro variáveis, o trabalho foi decomposto em 14 indicadores, tendo sido utilizados 111 dados estatísticos, os quais serviram para ratificar a hipótese central da pesquisa. Este trabalho reforça a ideia de que deve ser considerada a criação, no Brasil, da figura jurídica da Região, pois principalmente dadas nossas dimensões territoriais, a divisão em Estados e Municípios tem se apresentado insuficiente para a gestão focada no desenvolvimento. Também mostra a necessidade de que se efetivem as atitudes em escala regional, visto que somente com o fortalecimento de um conjunto de municípios poderemos ver cidades com melhores índices de desenvolvimento e, por consequência, que ofereçam melhor qualidade de vida a seus habitantes. / This work’s theme focuses on regional development articulated in different categories of analysis within an economic perspective. This approach relies on two aspects: diversity and convergence. Diversity is verified in the field of social agents, ie, population, human capital and its forms of production of the territory. Already convergence is interpreted in political perspective through the different interests and negotiations that enable the regional dynamics. The object of study is constituted in a regional context, the COREDE North, in the RS, which has a strategic urban center, Erechim, in the period basically between 1991 and 2010. The research’s question problem is the analysis as has been the development process in COREDE North’s region and more particularly in Erechim. It starts with the premise that regional development is directly associated to the set of variables capital, labor, human capital and technology, which tend to add value and that maximize the economic and social values of a given region. For the analysis of these four variables, the work was broken down into 14 indicators have been used 111 statistics, which served to confirm the central hypothesis of the research. This work reinforces the idea that the creation should be considered, in Brazil, the legal concept of the Region, as especially given our territorial dimensions, the division into states and municipalities has presented insufficient for management focused on the development. It also shows the need to give effect to the actions at the regional level, since only the strengthening of a number of municipalities we see cities with better development indices and therefore providing better quality of life for its inhabitants.