No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Considering the growing population of the earth and the decreasing water resources, the need for reliable and accurate estimation and prediction of streamflow time series is increasing. Due to the climate change and anthropogenic impacts on hydrologic systems, the estimation and prediction of streamflow time series remains a challenge and it is even more difficult for regions where watersheds are ungauged in terms of streamflow. The research presented in this dissertation, was scoped to develop a reliable and accurate methodology for daily streamflow prediction/estimation in ungauged watersheds. The study area in this research encompasses Ontario natural watersheds with various areas spread in different regions. In this research work nonlinear data-driven methods such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and conventional methods such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) as well as their combination are investigated for different steps in streamflow regionalization. As such, Watershed classification prior to regionalization is investigated as an independent step in regionalization. Nonlinear classification techniques such as Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis (NLPCA) and Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) are investigated for watershed classification and finally a methodology which combines watershed classification, streamflow regionalization and hydrologic model optimization is presented for reliable streamflow prediction in ungauged basins. The results of this research demonstrated that a multi-model approach which combines the results of proposed individual models based on their performance for the gauged similar and close watersheds to the ungauged ones can be a reliable streamflow regionalization model for all watersheds in Ontario. Physical similarity and spatial proximity of watersheds was found to play an important role in similarity between the streamflow time series, hence, it was incorporated in all individual models. It was also shown that watershed classification can significantly improve the results of streamflow regionalization. Investigated nonlinear watershed classification techniques applicable to ungauged watersheds can capture the nonlinearity in watersheds physical and hydrological attributes and classify watersheds homogeneously. It was also found that the combination of watershed classification techniques, regionalization techniques and hydrologic models can impact the results of streamflow regionalization substantially. Furthermore, to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the predictions in ungauged watersheds, an ensemble modelling framework is proposed to generate ensemble predictions based on the proposed regionalization model. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Tourism has a long history but research on tourism is recent and linked to the modern mass tourism. Tourism research deals with the subject from three perspectives. First it is treated as a social phenomenon, second as an economic phenomenon and third as a geographic phenomenon. Even in the geographer's eye tourism has many faces ranging from interaction between people and places to land use patterns and influence on the landscape. The aim of the study is to analyse tourism travel patterns during the summer vacation period in Sweden. A number of questions are addressed: Who is a tourist? Why do people travel in their leisure time? Why do they choose a particular destination? Do people travel during their vacations and if so, where do they go? Is it possible to genera-lise about the scattered pattern of tourism travel into regions with similar catchment areas and catchment profiles? Although tourism as a word has been in the language for a long time and people have an intuitive understanding of the concept, it is still a concept that defies definition. This study uses a partly instrumental and partly role-related definition in the empirical sections. A tourist is a person visiting a place other than his home municipality and staying over night The visit shall have purely recreational purposes and no connection with the visitor's business or employment After deciding who is a tourist, the next question is: Why does a tourist travel? Many empirical studies show that personal motives are the most important reasons for leisure time travel. Going to another town to visit a relative is tourism. Thus, tourism travel may be viewed partly as a reflection of migration.which thus increases tourism. The tourism is associated with "tour", but the real touring tourist is fairly rare. An interview survey conducted as part of this study showed that about 50 % of the popu­lation is at home at the same time during their vacation period. Habits are stable; this has not changed significantly over the last 20 years. On the other hand, a majority leave home for some period during their vacation, but make only one short over night visit away from home. Only four of Sweden's 24 counties received more travellers from counties other than themselves. Travel within the home county is much greater than might be expected. This study includes a methodological experiment on regionalization. A normal cluster analysis has been performed with the addition of a neighbor constraint. Destinations for most journeys during the vacation period are secondary homes or places where friends and relatives live. Only approximately one third of all "tourism travel" is tourism in a "pure" sense. This means that most people, although they are travelling during vacations, rarely use tourist facilities. What are normally considered to be tourist attractions are not really attractive to these people. Thus, one conclusion is that the potential market for the tourist business for Swedes in Sweden may be smaller than expected. / digitalisering@umu

No description available.

In the work on the example of Shanghai Cooperative Organization we try to discover what impact execute globalization and regional integration on the world policy, how such associations promote the economic environment of the involved countries and what benefits could be obtained through such cooperation in the view of safety. Region of Central Asia has its peculiarities because of the differences in culture, mentality and economic development that should be taken into consideration at planning of the joint activities. The potential of SCO is defined, first of all, by participation in it of such countries as Russia and China. Both of these states are interested in stable political and economic development of the Eurasian region, and ensuring its safety.

O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foi configurado tendo como linha mestra de sua organização a descentralização de suas ações, cabendo ao nível central a elaboração e gestão das políticas de saúde. Diante da necessidade de racionalizar recursos, a regionalização se apresenta como meio para implementar uma descentralização que considere a atuação em nível ampliado, além do município, e propicie melhor acesso aos diferentes níveis de complexidade da assistência com melhor aproveitamento de recursos e economia de escala. Organizar um sistema de saúde em nível regional significa a consideração de diferentes variáveis como o fluxo espontâneo de usuários influenciado pelo papel socioeconômico exercido pelos diferentes municípios, o conflito de interesses devido ao direcionamento de recursos, a identificação das necessidades regionais e sua contraposição às propostas dos prestadores e a dificuldade para mensurar a demanda por serviços. Este trabalho estudou o fluxo de internações hospitalares dos sistemas público e supletivo de assistência na região de Ribeirão Preto no intuito de identificar sua distribuição e fatores associados. A origem dos dados foi a Folha de Alta Hospitalar do Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares (CPDH) do Departamento de Medicina Social da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP–USP), preenchida em todas as altas hospitalares – SUS e não SUS - de todos os hospitais da região que, depois de recolhida e processada eletronicamente, onstitui um banco de dados no referido centro. A análise dos dados foi feita através do gerenciador de banco de dados Epi-Info™ versão 3.2. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados e estudados à luz do Plano Diretor de Regionalização do Estado de São Paulo para a região de Ribeirão Preto –SP. / The Brazilian National Health System (SUS) was established with a basis in decentralized administration. The central level performs the function of producing the policy and coordinates its application into practice. Facing limited resources, the regionalization represents a way to conduct a decentralized system in larger territories than the municipalities. The expectations are to improve access to the different levels of complexity of care avoiding unnecessary expenditure. The regionalization of hospital care implies various variables, as the spontaneous movement of people influenced by socioeconomic factors, the imbalance because of resources, the region’s needs under an epidemiological basis and interests of providers. This work studies the flux of people receiving hospital care in both public (SUS) and private (NSUS) health assistance in the region of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. It tries to identify factors which influence the flux and demand distribution. The data came from the Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares (CPDH) do Departamento de Medicina Social da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP–USP), which registers all hospital discharge in the region. The analysis was done using the software Epi Info™ 3.2 version. The results were compared with the plan for the regionalization in São Paulo State for the region of Ribeirão Preto.

O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foi configurado tendo como linha mestra de sua organização a descentralização de suas ações, cabendo ao nível central a elaboração e gestão das políticas de saúde. Diante da necessidade de racionalizar recursos, a regionalização se apresenta como meio para implementar uma descentralização que considere a atuação em nível ampliado, além do município, e propicie melhor acesso aos diferentes níveis de complexidade da assistência com melhor aproveitamento de recursos e economia de escala. Organizar um sistema de saúde em nível regional significa a consideração de diferentes variáveis como o fluxo espontâneo de usuários influenciado pelo papel socioeconômico exercido pelos diferentes municípios, o conflito de interesses devido ao direcionamento de recursos, a identificação das necessidades regionais e sua contraposição às propostas dos prestadores e a dificuldade para mensurar a demanda por serviços. Este trabalho estudou o fluxo de internações hospitalares dos sistemas público e supletivo de assistência na região de Ribeirão Preto no intuito de identificar sua distribuição e fatores associados. A origem dos dados foi a Folha de Alta Hospitalar do Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares (CPDH) do Departamento de Medicina Social da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP–USP), preenchida em todas as altas hospitalares – SUS e não SUS - de todos os hospitais da região que, depois de recolhida e processada eletronicamente, onstitui um banco de dados no referido centro. A análise dos dados foi feita através do gerenciador de banco de dados Epi-Info™ versão 3.2. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados e estudados à luz do Plano Diretor de Regionalização do Estado de São Paulo para a região de Ribeirão Preto –SP. / The Brazilian National Health System (SUS) was established with a basis in decentralized administration. The central level performs the function of producing the policy and coordinates its application into practice. Facing limited resources, the regionalization represents a way to conduct a decentralized system in larger territories than the municipalities. The expectations are to improve access to the different levels of complexity of care avoiding unnecessary expenditure. The regionalization of hospital care implies various variables, as the spontaneous movement of people influenced by socioeconomic factors, the imbalance because of resources, the region’s needs under an epidemiological basis and interests of providers. This work studies the flux of people receiving hospital care in both public (SUS) and private (NSUS) health assistance in the region of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. It tries to identify factors which influence the flux and demand distribution. The data came from the Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares (CPDH) do Departamento de Medicina Social da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP–USP), which registers all hospital discharge in the region. The analysis was done using the software Epi Info™ 3.2 version. The results were compared with the plan for the regionalization in São Paulo State for the region of Ribeirão Preto.