Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com o objetivo de investigar a influência que o molibdênio exerce nas propriedades das camadas passivas das armaduras de aços austeníticos, barras redondas dos aços UNS S30400 e 31600 foram submetidas à ação de soluções que simulam as que são encontradas nos poros de concreto. Para caracterizar o efeito do molibdênio na resistência daqueles aços à corrosão por pites, foram conduzidos ensaios de circuito aberto, polarização anódica, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, análise de Mott-Schottky, tração em baixa taxa de deformação e análise das superfícies por microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, de uma forma geral, o aço UNS S30400 (sem molibdênio) apresentou maior resistência à corrosão localizada que o UNS S31600 (2% de Mo) nas soluções alcalinas cloretadas naturalmente aeradas, comportamento este inverso ao que se observa nos mesmos materiais quando submetidos a soluções cloretadas neutras ou ácidas. / Aiming to investigate the influence that molybdenum has on properties of passive layers of austenitic steels, round bars of UNS S30400 and S31600 steels were subjected to the action of solutions that simulate those found in the concrete pores. To characterize the effect of molybdenum on the resistance of those steels to pitting corrosion, tests were conducted in open circuit, anodic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Mott- Schottky analysis, slow strain rate test and surface analysis by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results showed that, grosso modo, the stainless steel UNS S30400 (Mo free) has higher corrosion resistance than UNS S31600 (2% Mo) in naturally aerated alkaline solutions containing chloride ions, which characterizes an inverse behaviour in relation to the same materiais in neutral or acidic solutions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental para determinação da largura colaborante em mesas de lajes nervuradas de concreto armado. Esta largura é definida comumente utilizando-se as recomendações contidas nas diversas normas e procedimentos já consagrados de estruturas de concreto armado. Visando a determinação da largura da mesa que efetivamente contribui na capacidade resistente da seção de lajes nervuradas, foram instrumentados e ensaiados modelos que buscaram reproduzir faixas de nervuras e painéis de laje. As faixas possuíam dimensões reais de duas nervuras principais, enquanto as lajes reproduziam painéis em escala reduzida (1:2). Em parte dos modelos, foram inseridos extensômetros de resistência elétrica nas armaduras e no concreto, além de transdutores para verificação das flechas. Foram calculadas as larguras a partir das curvas de tensões e flechas verificadas experimentalmente. Verificou-se, também, a influência da presença de tubulação embutida ao longo da mesa das faixas de laje. / This paper presents an experimental study to determine the cooperating width in flange waffle slabs of reinforced concrete. This width is usually established through the recommendations in the various rules and procedures already defined for reinforced concrete structures. In order to determine the width of the flange that effectively contributes to the ability of the resistant section slabs, models that sought to play tracks of panels and ribbed slab were tested and instrumented. The strips had two actual dimensions of main ribs, while the slab panels were reproduced on a reduced scale (1:2). In some of the models, electrical resistance strain gages were inserted in the reinforcement and in the concrete, and the arrows were checked by the transducers. The Widths were calculated from the curves of stress and the arrows were experimentally verified. The influence of a pipe embedded along the tracks of the flange slabs were also taken into consideration.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fazzan_jv_me_ilha.pdf: 4125197 bytes, checksum: 67f962a9a375b2edc5ba8c9b6ac640a8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O uso do concreto na elaboração de estruturas de concreto armado está ligado à capacidade das mesmas em resistir aos esforços solicitantes, por meio da aderência que existe entre os materiais aço e concreto. Considerando-se que a maioria dos concretos à base de cimento apresenta uma pequena resistência à tração, se comparada à compressão, algumas alternativas para melhorar o seu comportamento em relação a esse aspecto vem sendo estudadas com sucesso, como, por exemplo, a adição de diversos tipos de fibras. Em outro contexto, a incorporação de resíduos no concreto surge como uma possibilidade para se atenuar impactos ambientais. Um exemplo desses resíduos é o de borracha de pneu, gerado em abundância durante o processo de recauchutagem. Observa-se, no entanto, que a inclusão desse resíduo pode provocar uma diminuição da resistência e do módulo de deformação longitudinal. Atualmente, em muitos casos, a utilização de lajes treliçadas têm sido mais vantajosa que o uso de lajes maciças, tanto do ponto de vista de execução, como do ponto de vista econômico. Para as situações de pequenos e médios vãos, e para cargas não muito elevadas, é possível que as lajes treliçadas não tenham o seu desempenho estrutural muito prejudicado em função da incorporação da borracha no concreto, uma vez que a limitação de sua capacidade resistente não seria dada pelo esmagamento do concreto mas sim pelo alongamento excessivo da armadura. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a utilização de resíduos de borracha em substituição parcial dos agregados do concreto que compõem a capa e as vigotas de lajes pré-fabricadas treliçadas unidirecionais. No total, foram ensaiados seis modelos, sendo três deles sem adição de borracha e os outros três com substituição de 10% do volume de areia por resíduo. Os modelos de lajes foram instrumentados... / The use of concrete in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures is related to the ability of this material to resist the loads by the bond that exists between the reinforcement and the concrete. Considering that most of the cement-based concrete has a small tensile strength when compared to compression, some alternatives to improve their behavior in relation to this aspect has been studied successfully, as the addition of several types of fibers, for example. In another context, the incorporation of residues in the concrete emerges as a possibility of attenuating the environment impacts. An example is the tire rubber residue, generated in abundance during the retreading process; however, it is noted that the inclusion of this residue can cause a decrease in the compressive strength and in the module of elasticity. Currently, in many cases, the use of lattice slabs is more advantageous than the use of solid slabs, both in terms of execution, as the economic point of view. For small and medium spans, and for not high loads, it is possible that lattice slabs do not present a bad performance due to the incorporation of rubber into concrete since the limitation of its strength capacity would not be given by the concrete crushing but by the excessive reinforcement strain. Therefore, this work aims to use rubber tire residue as an aggregate in the concrete of the cover and in the concrete of the joist of the lattice precast unidirectional slabs. The residue partially replaced the fine aggregate. In total, six models were tested, being three of them without the rubber addition and the other three with replacement of 10% in the volume of sand per residue. The models were instrumented and tested for flexure at 28 days old, and the vertical displacements, the strains in concrete and in the reinforcement were recorded. The cracking... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A análise da formação e crescimento de fissuras em peças de concreto armado permanece como uma das principais dificuldades no campo da engenharia estrutural. Considerando que as fissuras têm uma influência muito grande no comportamento estrutural global, estudos para prever e controlar a fissuração do concreto são de essencial importância. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um modelo numérico do tipo incorporado para representar as fissuras em peças de concreto armado submetidas aos esforços de flexão e corte, ou seja, um modelo que seja capaz de simular, além das fissuras perpendiculares ao eixo da peça, fissuras inclinadas. Os modelos de fissura incorporada se baseiam no conceito de descontinuidades incorporadas dentro de elementos finitos padrões. No modelo empregado neste trabalho, a fissura é representada através de uma descontinuidade no campo interno de deslocamentos do elemento. O modelo incorporado implementado é uma continuação do trabalho desenvolvido por d’Avila, que baseou-se no modelo de Dvorkin Cuitiño e Gioia que, por sua vez, não inclui a contribuição da armadura no equilíbrio interno de forças do elemento. A interação entre as barras de aço e o concreto é simulada através um modelo de transferência de tensão por aderência entre os dois materiais, conforme Russo, Zingone e Romano e FIB - Bulletin 10. Para representar o comportamento do concreto intacto, utiliza-se o modelo constitutivo de Ottosen. Já para representar as barras de aço da armadura, emprega-se o modelo incorporado desenvolvido por Elwi e Hrudey, que permite uma disposição arbitrária das barras de aço no interior dos elementos de concreto. O modelo constitutivo adotado para a armadura é do tipo elasto-plástico com endurecimento. Foi possível simular a fissuração em flexão e corte em vigas de concreto armado com boa correlação com resultados experimentais. Tais situações não poderiam ser analisadas pelo modelo básico sem as modificações propostas nesta dissertação. / The analysis of the formation and growth of cracks in reinforced concrete members remains as one of the main difficulties in the field of structural engineering. Considering that the crack has a considerable influence in the global structural behavior, studies to predict and to control concrete cracking are of essential importance. The aim of this work is to present a numerical model of the embedded type to represent the cracks in reinforced concrete members under bending and shearing efforts, i. e. , a model that is capable to simulate not only cracks that are perpendicular to the axle of the members but also inclined cracks. The embedded crack models are based on the concept of incorporated discontinuities inside of standard finite elements. In the model used in this work, the crack is represented by a discontinuity in the internal field of the element displacements. The embedded model proposed is a continuation of the work developed by d’Avila, which is based on the model of Dvorkin, Cuitiño e Gioia, that does not consider the inclusion of the reinforced contribution in the internal force equilibrium of the element. A bond stress-transfer approach is used to include this reinforcement contribution. To represent the behavior of the uncracked concrete, the Ottosen constitutive model was used. The embedded model presented by Elwi and Hrudey was employed to represent the reinforcement bars, that allows an arbitrary disposal of the bars of steel inside of the concrete elements. The constitutive model adopted for reinforcement is elasto-plastic with hardening. It was possible to simulate the cracking in bending and shearing in reinforced concrete beams with good agreement with experimental results. These cases could not be analyzed by the basi model without the present proposed modifications.

O emprego das vigas mistas na atualidade é uma das opções atrativas para a construção de pontes e das lajes dos andares de prédios. A obtenção das melhores características individuais em resistência e rigidez dos materiais envolvidos é aproveitada neste tipo de estruturas. O presente trabalho visa à formulação de um modelo matemático e sua implementação numérica através de um código computacional capaz de representar com confiabilidade este tipo de estruturas para cargas de curta duração. Assim é utilizada a teoria de plasticidade associada com um algoritmo de retorno explícito para o concreto e o aço estrutural, sendo inserido estes procedimentos dentro de um processo incremental iterativo baseado num critério de convergência de forças ou deslocamentos. Para a modelagem da laje de concreto é desenvolvido o elemento finito quadrilátero de casca degenerada de oito nós, que considera as tensões de corte fora do plano, usando a teoria de Reissner-Mindlin. O fenômeno de travamento por cortante, característico neste tipo de elemento finito, é solucionado usando uma regra de integração reduzida e uma modificação do fator de forma aplicado às tensões de corte. Para a modelagem da viga de aço foi implementado um elemento de casca poliédrica produto do acoplamento das rigidezes do elemento de placa delgada e de membrana proposto por Batoz & Tahar (1982) e Ibrahimbegovic et al. (1990), respectivamente. Os conectores de corte são modelados mediante elementos de barra tridimensional viga-coluna que unem os planos médios da laje de concreto e mesa superior da viga de aço nas posições reais dos conectores de corte de acordo com os relatórios experimentais para os exemplos estudados. A compatibilidade nas rotações e deslocamentos axiais no conector é conseguida mediante a inclusão de valores muito grandes nas rigidezes correspondentes. O trabalho em conjunto dos três elementos desenvolvidos, laje de concreto, viga de aço e conectores, possibilita a abordagem de qualquer estrutura complexa do tipo viga mista. A validação do modelo numérico proposto é demonstrada através dos exemplos de aplicação testados. / Currently, composite sections are one of the more attractive options to be used for bridge and building floors construction. The reason is that the best individual characteristics in strength and stiffness of the involved materials are obtained for these structures. Formulation of a mathematical model and its numerical implementation for a reliable simulation of these structures for short time analysis is the main objective of the present work. An associated theory of plasticity and an explicit return algorithm for concrete and steel materials are used, being these procedures part of the well known incremental iterative procedure based on criteria of unbalanced forces or displacements. The quadrilateral degenerated shell element of eight nodes, which considers out of plane shear stresses in accordance with Reissner-Mindlin theory was developed to modeling the concrete slab. The shear locking phenomena for these elements was avoided with a reduced integration rule and by using a modified shape factor for shear stresses. For modeling the steel beam, a plane shell element, which is originated by the assemble of the plate element and membrane element proposed by Batoz & Tahar (1982) and Ibrahimbegovic et al. (1990) was formulated. The shear stud connectors were modeled trough a three-dimensional bar element, which joint the middle plane of the concrete slab and the middle plane of the top steel flange of the steel beam representing the actual positions of the connectors, according to the experimental works for the examples studied here. These three elements, working simultaneously allow to model any complex structure of composite section. The validation of the numerical model is demonstrated with the aid of several examples.

Box-girder bridges supported by single reinforced concrete (RC) columns are expected to sustain seismic shocks with minor structural damages in seismically active regions where transportation is substantially required for rescuing and evacuating tasks. Such viaducts are vulnerable to damage when they are subjected to strong ground motions and acceleration pulse records, especially when responding in a flexural mode or having relatively low core confinement. Using a nonlinear dynamic solver that applies the fibre element method, global and local damage curves are computed based on the dissipated energy under hysteretic curves and based on constitutive curves, respectively. The RC bridge with seismic isolation bearing is used as an alternative system to control the damage, and modelled using linkage elements between the substructure and super structure. It was found that seismic isolation can be controlled to dissipate partial seismic energy so that the RC column gains the least possible minor damage. Using a MatLab program, a fibre element nonlinear model was built using a simplified iterative process and simplified constitutive relations. The number of fibres and elements under the dynamic loading was found to be affecting the final results of the analysis. Using crack growth modelling based on fracture mechanics, the combined discrete element/finite element explicit-Elfen code was applied to investigate the crack growth in 3D dynamically loaded RC columns. Despite its excessive computational cost and time, this code provides reliable information about local damage in the RC column core. Earthquake records with the pulse acceleration phenomenon have a severe damage potential on the structure. The difference in damage intensities was detected by crack growth modelling for the same problem using different loading rates. Critically stressed zones can be investigated independently by using the relative response technique, in which responses from the numerically analysed structure are re-used as applied loads onto a small-scale crack model for the critical member. Two general conclusions can be obtained; bridges with single RC columns designed by the demand/capacity criterion could suffer severe damage and possible collapse when subjected to strong ground motions. Secondly; hysteresis-based methods provide a global damage evaluation based on strength and ductility only regardless of the damage growth inside the concrete core and the buckling of bars, which could lead to progressive collapse.

Doctor of Philosophy / Civil Engineering / Asadollah Esmaeily / Accurate and realistic assessment of the performance of columns in general, and those in critical locations that may cause progressive failure of the entire structure, in particular, is significantly important. This performance is affected by the load history, pattern, and intensity. Current design code does not consider the effect of load pattern on the load and displacement capacity of columns. A primary research sponsored by Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) was conducted as the initial step of the present study (No. K-TRAN: KSU-11-5). The main goals of the KDOT project were: (1) investigation of new KDOT requirements in terms of the column design procedure and detailing and their consistency with AASHTO provisions; (2) verification of the KDOT assumptions for the plastic hinge regions for columns and bridge piers, (3) provide assessment of the load capacity of the existing columns and bridge piers in the light of the new specifications and using the new load demand as in the new provisions; and finally recommendations for columns and bridge piers that do not meet the new requirements. A conclusion was drawn that there is a need for conducting more studies on the realistic performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) sections and columns. The studies should have included performance of RC members under various loading scenarios, assessment of columns capacity considering confinement effect provided by lateral reinforcement, and investigation on performance of various monotonic and cyclic material models applied to simulate the realistic performance. In the study reported here, monotonic material models, cyclic rules, and plastic hinge models have been utilized in a fiber-based analytical procedure, and validated against experimental data to simulate behavior of RC section under various loading scenarios. Comparison of the analytical predictions and experimental data, through moment–curvature and force–deflection analyses, confirmed the accuracy and validity of the analytical algorithm and models. The performance of RC columns under various axial and lateral loading patterns was assessed in terms of flexural strength and energy dissipation. FRP application to enhance ductility, flexural strength, and shear capacity of existing deficient concrete structures has increased during the last two decades. Therefore, various aspects of FRP-confined concrete members, specifically monotonic and cyclic behavior of concrete members confined and reinforced by FRP, have been studied in many research programs, suggesting various monotonic models for concrete confined by only FRP. Exploration of existing model performances for predicting the behavior of several tested specimens shows a need for improvement of existing algorithms. The model proposed in the current study is a step in this direction. FRP wrapping is typically used to confine existing concrete members containing conventional lateral steel reinforcement (tie/spiral). The confining effect of lateral steel reinforcement in analytical studies has been uniquely considered in various models. Most models consider confinement due to FRP and ignore the effect of conventional lateral steel reinforcement. Exploration of existing model performances for predicting the behavior of several tested specimens confined by both FRP and lateral steel shows a need for improvement of existing algorithms. A model was proposed in this study which is a step in this direction. Performance of the proposed model and four other representative models from literature was compared to experimental data from four independent databases. In order to fulfill the need for a simple, yet accurate analytical tool for performance assessment of RC columns, a computer program was developed that uses relatively simple analytical methods and material models to accurately predict the performance of RC structures under various loading conditions, including cyclic lateral displacement under a non-proportionally variable axial load (Esmaeily and Xiao 2005, Esmaeily and Peterman 2007). However, it was limited to circular, rectangular, and hollow circular/rectangular sections and uniaxial lateral curvature or displacement. In this regards, a computer program was developed which is the next generation of the aforesaid program with additional functionality and options. Triangulation of the section allows opportunity for cross-sectional geometry. Biaxial lateral curvature/displacement/force combined with any sequence of axial load provides opportunity to analyze the performance of a reinforced concrete column under any load and displacement path. Use of unconventional reinforcement, such as FRP, in lateral as well as longitudinal direction is another feature of this application.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Hayder A. Rasheed / The structural deterioration of aging infrastructure systems is becoming an increasingly important issue worldwide. To compound the issue, economic strains limit the resources available for repair or replacement of such systems. Over the past several decades, structural health monitoring (SHM) has proved to be a cost-effective method for detection and evaluation of damage in structures. Visual inspection and condition rating is one of the most commonly applied SHM techniques, but the effectiveness of this method suffers due to its reliance on the availability and experience of qualified personnel performing largely qualitative damage evaluations. The artificial neural network (ANN) approach presented in this study attempts to augment visual inspection methods by developing a crack-induced damage quantification model for reinforced concrete bridge girders that requires only the results of limited field measurements to operate. Simply-supported three-dimensional reinforced concrete T-beams with varying geometric, material, and cracking properties were modeled using Abaqus finite element (FE) analysis software. Up to five cracks were considered in each beam, and the ratios of stiffness between cracked and healthy beams with the same geometric and material parameters were measured at nine equidistant nodes along the beam. Two feedforward ANNs utilizing backpropagation learning algorithms were then trained on the FE model database with beam properties serving as inputs for both neural networks. The outputs for the first network consisted of the nodal stiffness ratios, and the sole output for the second ANN was a health index parameter, computed by normalizing the area under the stiffness ratio profile over the span length of the beam. The ANNs achieved excellent prediction accuracies with coefficients of determination (R²) exceeding 0.99 for both networks. Additional FE models were created to further assess the networks’ prediction capabilities on data not utilized in the training process. The ANNs displayed good prediction accuracies (R² > 0.8) even when predicting damage levels in beams with geometric, material, and cracking parameters dissimilar from those found in the training database. A touch-enabled user interface was developed to allow the ANN models to be utilized for on-site damage evaluations. The results of this study indicate that application of ANNs with FE modeling shows great promise in SHM for damage evaluation.

The behaviour of concrete structures subjected to high impulsive loading such as blast involves complex responses at the constituent material as well as local to global structural levels. To fully describe the processes involved, detailed numerical simulation is generally required and it is in fact commonly employed nowadays in this field of investigations. However, the demands on a rigorous computational model with the capability to represent different regimes of responses throughout the entire process, namely the stress wave stage under the immediate impulsive (blast) loading, the development of local composite mechanism (such as shear), and finally the global bending / residual structural state, have not been established nor thoroughly investigated in the literature. This thesis aims to fill in this gap and develop an effective and efficient modelling framework for reinforced concrete (RC) structures under impulsive loading, with a particular focus on the analysis of complex dynamic shear mechanisms and the residual structural capacities. This thesis uses a benchmark RC slab as a testbed to firstly examine the validity of commonly applied finite element setup and typical material models for the analysis of the structural response into the global deformation phase and the residual state. This is followed by a detailed scrutiny of the demands on the concrete material model in terms of preserving a realistic representation of the tension/shear behaviour and the significance of such features in simulating realistically the structural response in a reinforced concrete environment. Deficiencies of a widely used concrete material model, namely the Karagozian and Case concrete (KCC) model, in this respect are investigated and a modification scheme to the relevant aspects of the material model is proposed. The modification is demonstrated to result in satisfactory improvement in terms of ensuring more robust simulation of reinforced concrete response to blast loading. To deal with the inevitable modelling uncertainties in the part of concrete surrounding reinforcing bars in a numerical model, an equivalent transitional layer model is proposed for use in finite element modelling of RC structures subjected to impulsive loading. The main objectives of the equivalent transitional layer are to achieve a consist transfer of stress between rebar to concrete outside the transitional zone, and to maintain a realistic relative “sliding” displacement between the outer edge of the transitional layer and the rebar, while the inner edge of the transitional layer is perfectly bonded (with node-sharing) to the rebar. With appropriate descriptions of the softening and failure of the material for the transitional layer, the deformation profile and the strength can be reasonably represented in a consistent manner using the perfect-bond scheme which is commonly adopted in this field of applications. The transitional layer also incorporates features to ensure mesh-independent bond strength. Validation of proposed transitional layer model is carried out against results from RC pullout and beam experiments. The above modelling framework is subsequently employed to investigate the dynamic shear resistance of RC beam/slab under impulsive loading, recognising that the information on the dynamic shear strength in very scarce in the literature. The influence of loading rate on the change of shear span, which alters the shear resistance mechanism and generally results in an increase of the shear capacity, is discussed. The influence of the strain rate enhancement of the material strength on the dynamic shear capacity is also evaluated.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Donald J. Phillippi / Special moment resisting frames (SMRF) are intended to protect the structure from earthquake motions through a ductile inelastic response. This thesis evaluates the performance of reinforced concrete SMRFs with an emphasis on the second level beams. Due to previous research, it is concluded that two-dimensional finite element analyses (2D-FEA) and three-dimensional finite element analyses (3D-FEA) have different results when evaluating the same structure. Due to this, the thesis used a 3D-FEA to analyze frames based on Design Example 7 in the 2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual (Appendix A). While looking at the frame as a whole, the first of two parametric studies was performed over the columns. Using LS-DYNA the columns’ forces, displacement, moment, and curvature were evaluated. From these results, it was concluded that in SMRF, columns are not acting per current design assumptions due to the elongation of beams. Using the knowledge gained in the first parametric study, a second parametric study was performed on the second level floor beams. Focusing on the beam elongation, this thesis evaluates multiple frames with different load combinations using LS-DYNA to find the displacement of the reinforcement in the beams. With the results, an equation to calculate the elongation of beams was proposed, as well as an average percentage of the elongation in reinforced concrete SMRF. The equation and average percentage of elongation aim to provide a standard design consideration for the elongation of beams.