Stay-in-place (SIP) formwork has been used as an alternative to the conventional formwork system. The systems are mainly assembled on site, hence simplifying the construction process and reducing the construction time as the removal procedure has been eliminated. SIP formwork systems can be divided into two main categories; structural and non-structural formwork, based on their contribution to resist applied loads. The structural formwork provides the same advantages as the non-structural formwork, in addition to its contribution to resist the applied loads. As a result, the cross section and the reinforcement of the structural member can be reduced. Recently, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been used as a stay-in-place formwork because of its lower cost compared to other materials, durability, and ease to assemble. The PVC SIP formwork consists of interconnected elements; panels and connectors that serve as permanent formwork for the concrete walls. In this study, the behaviour of the PVC encased reinforced concrete walls under eccentric compression loading was investigated. The variables in this study were the type of the specimen (PVC encased or control), the longitudinal reinforcement (4-10M or 4-15M rebars) and the eccentricity of the applied compression load (33.87 mm, 67.73 mm and 101.6 mm). Generally, the control walls (without PVC encasement) failed by yielding of the steel followed by crushing of the concrete, or by crushing of the concrete without yielding of the steel. For the PVC encased walls, buckling of the PVC occurred after the concrete crushed. The PVC encased specimens showed a higher peak load than their peer control walls. The effect of the PVC on increasing the ultimate capacity at a given eccentricity was more significant for the walls reinforced with 4-10M than the walls reinforced with 4-15M. For the lowest reinforcement ratio (4-10M), the PVC encased specimens showed an increase in peak load by 37.2% and 17.1% at an eccentricity of 67.73 mm and 101.6 mm, respectively. When the reinforcement was increased to 4-15 M, the increase in the peak load dropped at all eccentricities to 10%. For the vertical and the mid-span deflection, the PVC encased specimens and the control specimens showed the same values. Also, the test results showed an increase in the energy absorption capacity for the PVC encased specimens compared to the controls specimens, where the effect for the walls reinforced with 4-10M was higher than the walls reinforced with 4-15M at a given eccentricity. An analytical model was developed to predict the ultimate load capacity of the specimens taking into consideration the effect of the PVC on the load carrying capacity of the walls. The provision was derived based on the moment magnification factor method in which the effect of secondary stresses associated with the column deformations was taken into consideration. The calculated capacities of the PVC encased specimens showed a conservative error of 5.9% on average.

La presente tesis, está enfocada al estudio del comportamiento sísmico comparativo de una edificación reforzada con muros de concreto armado y disipadores de fluido viscoso para evaluar su efectividad desde el punto de vista estructural. Por ello, se ha evaluado la estructura existente para verificar la necesidad de reforzar. Luego, se ha evaluado el edificio incorporando muros estructurales para determinar su comportamiento sísmico. También, se ha evaluado el edificio añadiendo disipadores, para ello se tuvo en cuenta la ubicación de los dispositivos con los valores del coeficiente de amortiguamiento, y de ese modo analizar el comportamiento sísmico. De acuerdo a la evaluación, se obtuvo una reducción máxima de distorsiones del 74% y 76% en X para el edificio con muros y disipadores respectivamente, y para Y el 65% en el edificio con muros y el 56% con disipadores en ambos casos comparados con la estructura actual. De los resultados, se puede apreciar que en ambos reforzamientos las distorsiones se reducen cumpliendo con lo permisible. Asimismo, en relación a las cortantes se obtuvo que en el edificio con muros incrementa en 143% al edificio existente, sin embargo, los desplazamientos se disminuyen; y en el reforzamiento con disipadores se reducen en 26% en comparación al edificio en estudio, ello es de gran relevancia debido a que los elementos estructurales van a soportar menor fuerza sísmica. Por lo tanto, la propuesta con disipadores es la más efectiva, debido a que posee menor intervención de área y reduce el movimiento sísmico en la estructura. / This thesis is focused on the study of comparative seismic behavior of a building reinforced with concrete walls and fluid viscous dampers to evaluate its structural effectiveness. Therefore, the existing structure has been evaluated to verify the need for reinforcement. The building has then been evaluated incorporating structural walls to determine its seismic behavior. Also, the building has been evaluated by adding fluid viscous dampers, for this took into account the location of the devices with the values ​​of the damping coefficient, and thus analyze the seismic behavior. According to the evaluation, a maximum reduction of distortions of 74% and 76% in X was obtained for the building with walls and dampers respectively, and for Y the 65% in the building with walls and the 56% with dampers in both cases compared to the current structure. From the results, it can be seen that in both reinforcements the distortions are reduced by complying with the permissible. Also, in relation to the forces, it was obtained that in the building with walls increases in 143% to the existing building, however, the displacements are decreased; and in the reinforcement with dissipaters are reduced by 26% compared to the building under study, this is of great relevance because the structural elements will withstand less seismic force. Therefore, the proposal with fluid viscous dampers is the most effective, because it has less area intervention and reduces the seismic movement in the structure. / Tesis

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Neste trabalho são realizadas análises estruturais de edifícios de paredes de concreto moldadas no local e de alvenaria estrutural considerando a interação solo-estrutura e a sequência construtiva. Com solução de fundação em estacas pré-moldadas, cada edifício piloto com 45 metros de altura, formado por 15 pavimentos de parede com pé-direito de 2,80m, apoiado sobre um pilotis de concreto armado de 3 metros de altura é modelado com base em 4 metodologias de análise: (i) O AI_AF, modelo clássico de referência, que admite apoios indeslocáveis e ações instantâneas; (ii) O AE_AF, modelo que inclui as ações evolutivas, incorporando o aumento gradativo de carregamento e rigidez; (iii) O AI_ISE, modelo que incorpora a interação com o solo a partir da aplicação instantânea de ações e (iv) o AE_ISE, modelo mais refinado, que considera a interação com o solo no tempo de construção. As paredes são modeladas em elementos finitos de casca, os pilares de concreto, vigas de transição, estacas e blocos em elementos finitos de barra e o maciço de solo em elementos finitos sólidos isoparamétricos, com o auxílio do software comercial DIANA®. O trabalho evidencia que o modelo clássico de referência, que desconsidera a interação com o solo, não alerta para a necessidade de aumentar a ductilidade das paredes dos pavimentos iniciais em ambos os sistemas construtivos. / This study consist of a structural analyses of concrete walls and masonry building including the soil-structure interaction and the construction process. Each pilot building is 45 meters high, consisting of 15 floors with 2.80 m high. Each floors are seated on pillars of reinforced concrete with 3 meters of height, which were modeled using 4 methodologies: (i) The AI_AF, classic reference model, which adopts fixed foundations and instantaneous action; (ii) The AE_AF is a model, that includes construction loads and incorporates a gradual increasing in load and stiffness; (iii) The AI_ISE model incorporates interaction with the soil and the instantaneous application of actions; and, (iv) AE_ISE, which consists of a more refined model with soil interaction and the time of construction. The concrete walls are modeled based on shell finite elements, the concrete pillars, transition beams, stakes and blocks are modeled based on bar finite element and the soil mass is modelled as an isoparametric solid finite elements. The numerical modelling is conducted using commercial software DIANA®. Results show that the classic reference model, in which the soil-structure interaction is not considered, does not attent to the need of increasing the ductility of the walls in initials floor.

In this thesis we look at one of the aging mechanisms that may have affected current aged Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Irradiation as an age-related degradation mechanism is studied for Reinforced Concrete (RC) in NPPs. This problem can be important for aged reactor buildings, radwaste buildings, spent nuclear fuel, research reactors, or accelerators that experience high levels of radiation close to existing thresholds. Mechanical properties of concrete are the most important parameters affected by radiation in NPPs. Compressive strength of concrete is reduced between 80 and 35 \% for radiation fluences between $2\times 10^{19}$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$. Tensile strength reduction is more significant than compressive strength. It is reduced between 20 and 80 \% for a radiation fluence equal to $5\times 10^{19}$. We chose three radiation levels $2\times 10^{19}$, $2\times 10^{20}$, $2\times 10^{20}$ based on experimental results as the critical levels of radiation that RC structures in NPPs may be exposed to. Structures susceptible to the problem are mostly RC walls; so the RC panel is chosen as an appropriate representative scale element for the analysis. The effect of radiation on mechanical properties of concrete is considered to analyze degraded scale elements. Material properties, geometry, and loading scenarios of scale elements are selected to be close to actual quantities in existing nuclear power plant. Elements are analyzed under six types of loading combination of shear and axial loading conditions. A nonlinear finite element program, Membrane-2000, based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) is used to solve scale elements numerically. Element behaviors are studied considering the factors influence ultimate strength capacity, failure mode, and structural ductility index of members. The results show that ultimate shear capacity of the elements subjected to combinations of shear and tension loading are reduced significantly for highly reinforced elements ($1.35<\rho<1.88$) in $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$ radiation. RC panels under shear-biaxial and uniaxial compression also show significant strength capacity reduction in radiation levels $2\times 10^{20} n/cm^2$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$, respectively. Failure modes of the elements change from yielding of steel to shear failure by increasing level of degradation for the elements with reinforcement ratio between 0.9 and 1.88. Ductility of the RC panels is reduced significantly in the critical levels of radiation. Ductility of the elements became less than the allowable ductility value by increasing level of radiation.

In this thesis we look at one of the aging mechanisms that may have affected current aged Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Irradiation as an age-related degradation mechanism is studied for Reinforced Concrete (RC) in NPPs. This problem can be important for aged reactor buildings, radwaste buildings, spent nuclear fuel, research reactors, or accelerators that experience high levels of radiation close to existing thresholds. Mechanical properties of concrete are the most important parameters affected by radiation in NPPs. Compressive strength of concrete is reduced between 80 and 35 \% for radiation fluences between $2\times 10^{19}$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$. Tensile strength reduction is more significant than compressive strength. It is reduced between 20 and 80 \% for a radiation fluence equal to $5\times 10^{19}$. We chose three radiation levels $2\times 10^{19}$, $2\times 10^{20}$, $2\times 10^{20}$ based on experimental results as the critical levels of radiation that RC structures in NPPs may be exposed to. Structures susceptible to the problem are mostly RC walls; so the RC panel is chosen as an appropriate representative scale element for the analysis. The effect of radiation on mechanical properties of concrete is considered to analyze degraded scale elements. Material properties, geometry, and loading scenarios of scale elements are selected to be close to actual quantities in existing nuclear power plant. Elements are analyzed under six types of loading combination of shear and axial loading conditions. A nonlinear finite element program, Membrane-2000, based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) is used to solve scale elements numerically. Element behaviors are studied considering the factors influence ultimate strength capacity, failure mode, and structural ductility index of members. The results show that ultimate shear capacity of the elements subjected to combinations of shear and tension loading are reduced significantly for highly reinforced elements ($1.35<\rho<1.88$) in $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$ radiation. RC panels under shear-biaxial and uniaxial compression also show significant strength capacity reduction in radiation levels $2\times 10^{20} n/cm^2$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$, respectively. Failure modes of the elements change from yielding of steel to shear failure by increasing level of degradation for the elements with reinforcement ratio between 0.9 and 1.88. Ductility of the RC panels is reduced significantly in the critical levels of radiation. Ductility of the elements became less than the allowable ductility value by increasing level of radiation.

Neste trabalho são realizadas análises estruturais de edifícios de paredes de concreto moldadas no local e de alvenaria estrutural considerando a interação solo-estrutura e a sequência construtiva. Com solução de fundação em estacas pré-moldadas, cada edifício piloto com 45 metros de altura, formado por 15 pavimentos de parede com pé-direito de 2,80m, apoiado sobre um pilotis de concreto armado de 3 metros de altura é modelado com base em 4 metodologias de análise: (i) O AI_AF, modelo clássico de referência, que admite apoios indeslocáveis e ações instantâneas; (ii) O AE_AF, modelo que inclui as ações evolutivas, incorporando o aumento gradativo de carregamento e rigidez; (iii) O AI_ISE, modelo que incorpora a interação com o solo a partir da aplicação instantânea de ações e (iv) o AE_ISE, modelo mais refinado, que considera a interação com o solo no tempo de construção. As paredes são modeladas em elementos finitos de casca, os pilares de concreto, vigas de transição, estacas e blocos em elementos finitos de barra e o maciço de solo em elementos finitos sólidos isoparamétricos, com o auxílio do software comercial DIANA®. O trabalho evidencia que o modelo clássico de referência, que desconsidera a interação com o solo, não alerta para a necessidade de aumentar a ductilidade das paredes dos pavimentos iniciais em ambos os sistemas construtivos. / This study consist of a structural analyses of concrete walls and masonry building including the soil-structure interaction and the construction process. Each pilot building is 45 meters high, consisting of 15 floors with 2.80 m high. Each floors are seated on pillars of reinforced concrete with 3 meters of height, which were modeled using 4 methodologies: (i) The AI_AF, classic reference model, which adopts fixed foundations and instantaneous action; (ii) The AE_AF is a model, that includes construction loads and incorporates a gradual increasing in load and stiffness; (iii) The AI_ISE model incorporates interaction with the soil and the instantaneous application of actions; and, (iv) AE_ISE, which consists of a more refined model with soil interaction and the time of construction. The concrete walls are modeled based on shell finite elements, the concrete pillars, transition beams, stakes and blocks are modeled based on bar finite element and the soil mass is modelled as an isoparametric solid finite elements. The numerical modelling is conducted using commercial software DIANA®. Results show that the classic reference model, in which the soil-structure interaction is not considered, does not attent to the need of increasing the ductility of the walls in initials floor.