<p>Bridge deck deterioration due to chloride-induced pitting corrosion of steel reinforcement is a common occurrence. Because rust decreases the cross-sectional area of reinforcing bars, corrosion of bridge deck reinforcement directly reduces the structural capacity of the bridge deck. A typical NDT method for assessing the possibility of corrosion at the top reinforcement level is ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The goal of the study is to investigate the effect of reducing the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing bar on deck strength due to corrosion. Flexural and shear failure were considered in the analysis. In conclusion, typical corrosion of reinforcement was not found to cause a bridge deck to collapse after testing the flexure with the yield line method, the one-way and two-way shears with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2020), and the one-way shear with ACI 318 (2019). </p>

Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η παραμετρική μελέτη μεταλλικών καμπτικών επίπεδων πλαισίων με υποστυλώματα διατομής τύπου τετραγωνικής κοιλοδοκού (Square Hollow Section, SHS) και δοκών διατομής τύπου διπλού ταυ (IPE). Ζητούμενο αποτελεί η ανάπτυξη εξισώσεων που συνδέουν χαρακτηριστικά της ανελαστικής απόκρισης των κατασκευών. Βασική επιδίωξη είναι η δυνατότητα πραγματοποίησης αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού σύμφωνα με την μέθοδο των δυνάμεων έχοντας όμως σαν αρχικό στόχο ένα επιθυμητό επίπεδο επιτελεστικότητας σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο σχεδιασμού που βασίζεται στις μετακινήσεις. Επίσης, αναπτύχθηκαν εξισώσεις που προβλέπουν την καθ’ ύψος κατανομή των ελαστικών και ανελαστικών μετακινήσεων της κατασκευής. Αναδεικνύεται η επιρροή του ελέγχου ευστάθειας στον σχεδιασμό μεταλλικών καμπτικών πλαισίων. Χρησιμοποιούνται διάφορες παράμετροι που εκτιμήθηκε πως επηρεάζουν την ελαστική και ανελαστική απόκριση των κατασκευών όπως το όριο διαρροής του χάλυβα fy των μελών, ο αριθμός των ορόφων ns, που επηρεάζει άμεσα την ιδιοπερίοδο του συστήματος, η μορφή της ελαστικής απόκρισης των κατασκευών, οι οποίες διακρίνονται σε καμπτικού και διατμητικού τύπου (shear type, flexural type) σύμφωνα με τον συντελεστή ρ όπως ορίζεται από τον Chopra (2007a), καθώς επίσης και την παράμετρο πλαστικών ροπών a που σχετίζεται με το είδος του αναπτυσσόμενου ανελαστικού μηχανισμού. Ο υστερητικός νόμος που χρησιμοποιήθηκε και περιγράφει την ανελαστική απόκριση των μελών υπό ανακυκλιζόμενη δράση, ταυτίζεται με τον διγραμμικό υστερητικό νόμο με κράτυνση 3% προσομοιώντοντας παράλληλα και την απομείωση της αντοχής των μελών που συνδέεται άμεσα με την τοπική πλαστιμότητα τους σε κάθε ανελαστικό κύκλο φόρτισης. Παραμετρικές αναλύσεις έγιναν επίσης με τη χρήση διγραμμικού νόμου υστέρησης με κράτυνση 3% χωρίς την απομείωσης της αντοχής των μελών κατά την ανελαστική τους απόκριση, με στόχο την διερεύνηση της επιρροής στην αντοχή των μελών κατά την ανελαστική τους απόκριση. Για την πραγματοποίηση της παρούσας μελέτης 57 καταγραφές παρελθοντικών σεισμών μακριά από το σεισμικό ρήγμα, αποτέλεσαν την διέγερση για την εκτέλεση των δυναμικών μη-γραμμικών αναλύσεων ώστε να ληφθεί υπόψη η επιρροή του συχνοτικού περιεχομένου των επιταχυνσιογραφημάτων στην απόκριση των συστημάτων. Τέλος, παραδείγματα που συγκρίνουν την μέθοδο που παρουσιάζεται με την μέθοδο των δυνάμεων αποδεικνύουν την αποτελεσματικότητα της μεθόδου. / An efficient procedure to estimate an orthological value of the strength reduction factor q of the European seismic code based on a target performance level is presented. Several parameters that affect the elastic and inelastic response of the planar steel moment resisting frames are taking into account. The simple bilinear hysteretic rule is been used to model the inelastic response of the members by including the degradation of their strength. The comparison of the inelastic response of the structures with and without degradation of strength is showed. Examples are evaluating the efficiency of the chosen strength reduction factor and they are demonstrating the dominant role of the second order effects that restrict the seismic design of steel moment resisting frames at high performance levels.

Strength Reduction Factor (R-Factor), often referred to as Response Modification Factor, is commonly used in the design of lateral force resisting systems under seismic loading. R-Factors allow for a reduction in design base shear demands, leading to more economical designs. The reduction of strength is remedied with ductile behavior in members of proper detailing. Modern seismic codes and provisions recommend R-Factors for many types of lateral force resisting systems. However these factors are independent of the system fundamental frequency and many other important system properties, resulting in factors that may result in an unfavorable seismic response. To evaluate the validity of prescribed R-Factors an extensive analytical parameter study was conducted using a FEM single degree-of-freedom Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF) under incremental dynamic analysis over a suite of ground motions. Parameters of the study include brace slenderness, fundamental frequency, increment resolution, FEM mesh refinement, effects of leaning columns, and effects of low-cycle fatigue. Results suggest that R-Factor can vary drastically for CBF systems with differing properties.

Laser beam welding has gained a significant interest during the last two decades. The suitability of the process for high volume production has the possibility to give a strong advantage compared to several other welding methods. However, it is important to have the process in full control since various quality issues may otherwise occur. During laser welding of boron steels quality issues such as imperfections, changes in local and global geometry as well as strength reduction can occur. The aspects that need to be considered are strongly depending on alloy content, process parameters etc. These problems that can occur could be fatal for the construction and the lowest level of occurrence is wanted, independent of industry. The focus of this study has been to investigate the properties of laser welded boron steel. The study includes laser welding of boron alloyed steels with strengths of 1500 MPa and a recently introduced 1900 MPa grade. Focus has been to investigate weldability and the occurrence of cracks, porosity and strength reducing microstructure that can occur during laser welding, as well as distortion studies for tolerances in geometry. The results show that both conventional and 1900 MPa boron alloyed steel are suitable for laser welding. Due to the martensitic structure of welds the material tends to behave brittle. Cracking and porosity do not seem to be an issue limiting the use of these steels. For tolerances in geometry for larger structures tests has been done simulating laser welding of A-pillars and B-pillars. Measurements have been done with Vernier caliper as well as a more advanced optical method capturing the movements during the welding sequence. Results from the tests done on Ushaped beams indicates that depending on the geometry of the structure and heat input distortions can be controlled to give distortions from 1 to 8 mm, at a welding length of 700 mm. This means that important geometry points can be distorted several millimeters if the laser welding process not is controlled.

In this thesis we look at one of the aging mechanisms that may have affected current aged Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Irradiation as an age-related degradation mechanism is studied for Reinforced Concrete (RC) in NPPs. This problem can be important for aged reactor buildings, radwaste buildings, spent nuclear fuel, research reactors, or accelerators that experience high levels of radiation close to existing thresholds. Mechanical properties of concrete are the most important parameters affected by radiation in NPPs. Compressive strength of concrete is reduced between 80 and 35 \% for radiation fluences between $2\times 10^{19}$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$. Tensile strength reduction is more significant than compressive strength. It is reduced between 20 and 80 \% for a radiation fluence equal to $5\times 10^{19}$. We chose three radiation levels $2\times 10^{19}$, $2\times 10^{20}$, $2\times 10^{20}$ based on experimental results as the critical levels of radiation that RC structures in NPPs may be exposed to. Structures susceptible to the problem are mostly RC walls; so the RC panel is chosen as an appropriate representative scale element for the analysis. The effect of radiation on mechanical properties of concrete is considered to analyze degraded scale elements. Material properties, geometry, and loading scenarios of scale elements are selected to be close to actual quantities in existing nuclear power plant. Elements are analyzed under six types of loading combination of shear and axial loading conditions. A nonlinear finite element program, Membrane-2000, based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) is used to solve scale elements numerically. Element behaviors are studied considering the factors influence ultimate strength capacity, failure mode, and structural ductility index of members. The results show that ultimate shear capacity of the elements subjected to combinations of shear and tension loading are reduced significantly for highly reinforced elements ($1.35<\rho<1.88$) in $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$ radiation. RC panels under shear-biaxial and uniaxial compression also show significant strength capacity reduction in radiation levels $2\times 10^{20} n/cm^2$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$, respectively. Failure modes of the elements change from yielding of steel to shear failure by increasing level of degradation for the elements with reinforcement ratio between 0.9 and 1.88. Ductility of the RC panels is reduced significantly in the critical levels of radiation. Ductility of the elements became less than the allowable ductility value by increasing level of radiation.

In this thesis we look at one of the aging mechanisms that may have affected current aged Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Irradiation as an age-related degradation mechanism is studied for Reinforced Concrete (RC) in NPPs. This problem can be important for aged reactor buildings, radwaste buildings, spent nuclear fuel, research reactors, or accelerators that experience high levels of radiation close to existing thresholds. Mechanical properties of concrete are the most important parameters affected by radiation in NPPs. Compressive strength of concrete is reduced between 80 and 35 \% for radiation fluences between $2\times 10^{19}$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$. Tensile strength reduction is more significant than compressive strength. It is reduced between 20 and 80 \% for a radiation fluence equal to $5\times 10^{19}$. We chose three radiation levels $2\times 10^{19}$, $2\times 10^{20}$, $2\times 10^{20}$ based on experimental results as the critical levels of radiation that RC structures in NPPs may be exposed to. Structures susceptible to the problem are mostly RC walls; so the RC panel is chosen as an appropriate representative scale element for the analysis. The effect of radiation on mechanical properties of concrete is considered to analyze degraded scale elements. Material properties, geometry, and loading scenarios of scale elements are selected to be close to actual quantities in existing nuclear power plant. Elements are analyzed under six types of loading combination of shear and axial loading conditions. A nonlinear finite element program, Membrane-2000, based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) is used to solve scale elements numerically. Element behaviors are studied considering the factors influence ultimate strength capacity, failure mode, and structural ductility index of members. The results show that ultimate shear capacity of the elements subjected to combinations of shear and tension loading are reduced significantly for highly reinforced elements ($1.35<\rho<1.88$) in $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$ radiation. RC panels under shear-biaxial and uniaxial compression also show significant strength capacity reduction in radiation levels $2\times 10^{20} n/cm^2$ and $2\times 10^{21} n/cm^2$, respectively. Failure modes of the elements change from yielding of steel to shear failure by increasing level of degradation for the elements with reinforcement ratio between 0.9 and 1.88. Ductility of the RC panels is reduced significantly in the critical levels of radiation. Ductility of the elements became less than the allowable ductility value by increasing level of radiation.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-27T13:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mateus Porto Fleury - 2018.pdf: 9102583 bytes, checksum: 40d5daa4efc28f9073bc7aace7846d2a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-27T13:55:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mateus Porto Fleury - 2018.pdf: 9102583 bytes, checksum: 40d5daa4efc28f9073bc7aace7846d2a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T13:55:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mateus Porto Fleury - 2018.pdf: 9102583 bytes, checksum: 40d5daa4efc28f9073bc7aace7846d2a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-11 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The impacts caused by waste generation from construction industry stimulate the adoption of techniques that made the recycled construction and demolition wastes (RCDW) an attractive filling material for the geotechnical purpose. The utilization of this new construction material with geosynthetics in reinforced soil structure (RSS) shows a promising path related to environmental and technical aspects, once the utilization of both materials can afford similar behavior as structures with natural aggregates. Despite this favorable scenario, it is essential to assess the mechanical damages on the reinforcement elements caused by the filling materials, which decrease its strength and compromise its behavior and functionality. In this way, this study aims to quantify the mechanical damages during installation caused by RCDW on geogrids by its reproduction in an experimental site plant. The site plant with precast concrete beams has been constructed to simulate constructive process of a RSS. Three different geogrids were adopted as reinforcement elements: one with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) yarns and two with polyester (PET) yarns. Seven samples of RCDW were collected for laboratory technical characterization to assess the variability of the parameters relevant to the geotechnical application. It was investigated two installation damages mechanisms: i) launch height of the filling material, and ii) compaction procedures – with a vibratory roller and percussion equipment. Furthermore, it was evaluated the effects of a protection layer – with the same material (RCDW) – on the mechanical damages. The damages were quantified, with the adoption of statistical analysis, by reduction factors related to the ultimate tensile strength, as well as the modifications on the strain and stiffness (for 2% and 5% strains). The technical characterization of the RCDW samples revealed characteristics similar to gravels or sands, non-plastic behavior, and a considerable variability. The tensile strength reduction caused by compaction procedures prove to be more severe than the reductions caused by the launching height process. The abrasion damage can be considerate the major visual damage verified by the visual analysis of damaged specimens. It was concluded that the geogrids reduction factors caused by RCDW (related to installation damages) could be adopted to make feasible the utilization of these materials in RSS, taking in account the technical and environmental characteristics desired for this type of application. / Os impactos causados pelos resíduos da indústria da construção civil estimulam a adoção de técnicas de beneficiamento que tornam os resíduos de construção e demolição reciclados (RCD-R) atrativos como material de preenchimento em obras geotécnicas. Desse modo, a utilização conjunta desse novo material de construção com geossintéticos em estruturas de solo reforçado (ESR) mostra-se interessante quanto aos aspectos ambientais e técnicos, uma vez que o conjunto pode apresentar comportamento equivalentes aos de estruturas executadas com materiais convencionais. Contudo, apesar desse cenário positivo, faz-se fundamental investigar os danos mecânicos que o material de aterro pode causar ao elemento de reforço, o que pode contribuir para a diminuição de sua resistência e comprometer o seu desempenho e a sua funcionalidade. Nesse contexto, este estudo propôs quantificar os danos mecânicos de instalação gerados por RCD-R em geogrelhas por meio de sua reprodução em um experimento de campo. Para tanto, uma instalação experimental de peças pré-moldadas de concreto foi construída para simular os processos construtivos de uma estrutura de soloreforçado. Os elementos de reforço adotados consistiram de três diferentes tipos de geogrelhas – uma com fibra de álcool polivinílico (PVAL) e duas de poliéster (PET). Um total de sete amostras de RCD-R foram coletadas a fim de efetuar a sua caracterização em laboratório e verificar a variabilidade dos parâmetros de interesse para aplicação em obras geotécnicas. Buscou-se investigar a influência de dois condicionantes de dano de instalação: i) a altura de lançamento de material e ii) os processos de compactação – com rolo vibratório e à percussão. Investigou-se, também, o efeito do uso de uma camada de proteção – constituída do próprio RCD-R – nos danos mecânicos das geogrelhas. Os danos foram quantificados, com o auxílio de análise estatística, por meio de fatores de redução relacionados à resistência à tração de pico, assim como a alteração da deformação na ruptura e rigidezes (para deformações de 2% e 5%). A caracterização geotécnica das amostras de RCD-R revelou características semelhantes às observadas para solos pedregulhosos/arenosos, comportamento não plástico e variabilidade considerável. As reduções de resistência à tração decorrentes dos processos de compactação foram superiores em relação aos procedimentos de lançamento de material. As análises visuais das amostras danificadas revelaram que o dano de abrasão foi o principal dano visual observado. Conclui-se que os RCD-R apresentaram fatores de redução de resistência em geogrelhas, devido aos danos de instalação, que podem ser adotados de modo a viabilizar o uso destes materiais em ESR atendendo às caraterísticas técnicas e ambientais desejadas para esse tipo de obra.

The master’s thesis deals with numerical patterns for evaluation of the stability slopes. Solutions have been made with finite element method for different design situations with using programme system ANSYS. The results were compared with conventional approaches determining of the slope safety factor.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20340号 / 工博第4277号 / 新制||工||1662(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 角 哲也, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are programmable logic devices used for the implementation of a wide range of digital systems. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in design methodologies that allow high-level design descriptions to be automatically implemented in FPGAs. This thesis describes the design and implementation of a novel compilation flow that implements circuits in FPGAs from a streaming programming language. The streaming language supported is called FPGA Brook, and is based on the existing Brook and GPU Brook languages, which target streaming multiprocessors and graphics processing units (GPUs), respectively. A streaming language is suitable for targeting FPGAs because it allows system designers to express applications in a way that exposes parallelism, which can then be exploited through parallel hardware implementation. FPGA Brook supports replication, which allows the system designer to trade-off area for performance, by specifying the parts of an application that should be implemented as multiple hardware units operating in parallel, to achieve desired application throughput. Hardware units are interconnected through FIFO buffers, which effectively utilize the small memory modules available in FPGAs. The FPGA Brook design flow uses a source-to-source compiler, and combines it with a commercial behavioural synthesis tool to generate hardware. The source-to-source compiler was developed as a part of this thesis and includes novel algorithms for implementation of complex reductions in FPGAs. The design flow is fully automated and presents a user-interface similar to traditional software compilers. A suite of benchmark applications was developed in FPGA Brook and implemented using our design flow. Experimental results show that applications implemented using our flow achieve much higher throughput than the Nios II soft processor implemented in the same FPGA device. Comparison to the commercial C2H compiler from Altera shows that while simple applications can be effectively implemented using the C2H compiler, complex applications achieve significantly better throughput when implemented by our system. Performance of many applications implemented using our design flow would scale further if a larger FPGA device were used. The thesis demonstrates that using an automated design flow to implement streaming applications in FPGAs is a promising methodology.