In this thesis I argue that negative attributions mediate between attachment insecurity and relationship outcomes. Using a sample of 59 couples the well-documented association between attachment insecurity and relationship satisfaction was replicated. I then tested whether this association was mediated by attributions for hypothetical behaviour for a real partner and a hypothetical potential partner. Attributions for real partner behaviour did mediate between insecure attachment and relationship satisfaction, but not attributions for a potential partner. It was further hypothesised that an association would exist between couple communication and attachment insecurity, which would be mediated by negative attributions. Couples completed two ten-minute problem-solving discussions and participated in a video-mediated recall process, providing a measure of attributions for real events with their current partner. Results supported the hypotheses for self-reported, but not observed, communication. It was concluded that the association between attachment and attributions does not represent a consistent cognitive processing bias, but rather a relationship-specific phenomena. Future research directions were proposed to investigate mediation from a long-term perspective and the therapeutic implications of these findings were discussed.

Social capital is embedded in relationships and crucial for facilitating value creation. This study adopts a micro-relational perspective on social capital and addresses the gap in the literature concerning its importance for explaining the management of professional-client relationships. The research provides an in-depth analysis of professional-client relationships, considering both the structure and the attributes, as well as how social capital is utilized by professionals to create and maintain networks with new and existing clients. This research proposes a framework for examining the relationship between human capital and social capital. Human capital is understood as manifested by the extent of knowledge acquisition within three domains: market knowledge, technical knowledge and client-specific knowledge. The outcomes of social capital in professional-client relationships are examined in relation to knowledge acquisition and relationship outcome variables. Professionals employed in knowledge-intensive firms rely on both their human capital and social capital to acquire and commercialize their knowledge to deliver value in their professional services to clients. However, research to-date has insufficiently investigated the relationship between human capital and social capital, and the application of social capital theory to the study of lawyers and law firms, as proposed in this PhD research, draws attention to the importance of these social processes within professional-client relationships. Social capital, in this study, is defined as consisting of two dimensions: structural and attributive. The structural dimension of social capital refers to the idea that networks of actors can influence the outcomes of social relationships, while the attributive dimension of social capital refers to the extent of trust in relationships. Structural perspectives on social capital have been predominant in the literature, but discussion on the attributes of such ties have been lacking. As such, with limited attempts to operationalize the construct of social capital in the literature (Koka and Prescott, 2002) and the differing aspects of social capital considered in empirical investigations (Wu, 2008), existing studies on social capital have been characterized by the lack of consensus on the dimensions that compose social capital as well as the measures of social capital (Bolino et al., 2002; Wu, 2008). The theoretical framework is examined through a triangulation of cross-methods and cross-samples approaches by conducting two studies (qualitative and quantitative as different methods) with different samples. Study 1 is a qualitative study, designed to evaluate the theoretical framework through a set of exploratory interviews with Australian client organizations to reveal their views on the contracting, evaluation and continuation of legal service delivery by external law firms. Many of the organizations included in this study are large and diverse businesses, with in-house departments ranging from those managing a small team to large in-house teams working in a large corporate company. Study 1 is an exploratory investigation of the themes that emerged from the interviews, and its findings provide some preliminary evidence for the various propositions. Study 2 is a quantitative study of survey research of Australian law firms and their client organizations conducted by administering web-based questionnaires to lawyers and their clients. The questionnaire items are designed to measure the constructs presented in the theoretical framework, with data collected using both social network techniques and a conventional Likert-type format of question items. The data are analyzed using a series of statistical regression procedures to test for mediation and the effects of the control variables, as well as by conducting Partial Least Squares (PLS)-based structural equation modeling to examine the relationships between the constructs in the full structural model. The findings from Study 2 indicate support for the hypotheses presented in the theoretical framework. First, the findings support the hypothesis that there is a link between human capital and social capital. Knowledge acquired from all clients, representing the aspect of a professional’s human capital in this context, is significant in influencing both dimensions of social capital. Second, the findings of the study denote that human capital, as represented by knowledge acquired from a professional’s most important client, plays a mediating role in the relationships between social capital and the various relationship outcomes of reputation, referrals, fee income, and relationship continuity. Third, the findings reveal that the construct of the structural dimension of social capital is made up of various components, including: centrality, frequency of communication, nature of communication, the non-redundancy of ties, and network diversity. Finally, the findings also indicate a high reliability score for conceptualizing the attributive dimension of social capital as constituting of three types of trust: rational trust, moral trust, and affective trust. In conclusion, the study provides a useful means of advancing our understanding of the link between social capital, human capital (knowledge acquisition), and relationship outcomes by empirically examining these constructs in the context of professional-client relationships, and by creating a new line of research inquiry into this significant area of strategic management research.

Organisations experience increased social, political and economic pressure that is evident in the increased pressure that stakeholders place on organisations. Organisations increasingly realise that stakeholders’ values and objectives need to be incorporated into organisational strategy as well as the day-to-day management of the organisation. Organisational success and survival consequently depends on the organisation’s network of relationships, which provide the organisation with otherwise inaccessible resources and a competitive advantage. Organisational relationships offer the best solution towards illustrating the value of public relations and communication in the organisation. These relationships enable the organisation to attain its long- and short-term goals. Communication is a key influencer of the success of these relationships and communication managers are consequently better adept to manage these relationships. The relationship perspective of communication posits that public relations and communication managers should act in a boundary spanning role by balancing the interests of companies and stakeholders through effective relationship management. A shift has consequently occurred from purely communication management towards building mutually beneficial relationships between an organisation and its key stakeholders. There has also been an increased recognition of the need for strategically managed communication programs that can effectively contribute to organisational success. Strategic communication assists an organisation to adapt to its stakeholder environment by feeding into the organisation’s strategy formulation process intelligence with regards to strategic stakeholders, which, in turn, assists in building mutually beneficial relationships with these stakeholders. Communication managers’ efforts towards the effective management of organisational relationships has been hampered by the lack of current literature on organisational relationships, a lack of knowledge regarding the factors that influence these relationships, as well as the lack of a reliable and quantifiable definition of organisational relationships. Knowledge on these key areas could enable communication managers to manage these relationships effectively through strategic communication that is characterised by open and two-way communication. This study aimed to determine the connection between organisational relationships and organisational success by investigating the relationship between organisational alliances (as a specific form of organisational relationship) and goal attainment. The three-stage model of organisational relationships proposed by Grunig and Huang (2000:34) was applied to organisational alliances in order to determine this relationship, as well as to determine the influence of key constructs like type of industry, type of alliance, duration of the alliance and the size of the organisation. The reliability of using this framework, specifically the relationship outcomes proposed by the three-stage model, was investigated. The relationship outcomes (trust, commitment, relational satisfaction and control mutuality) were positively related to perceptions of goal attainment. This implies that if trust, commitment, relational satisfaction and control mutuality increases in an organisational alliance, the perceptions of goal attainment also increase within that organisational relationship. These findings suggest that effective communication contributes to perceptions of goal attainment within organisational relationships. It offers public relations and communication practitioners a means to demonstrate the contribution of this function to organisational success. High correlations between the relationship outcomes reflected current findings on these outcomes and a factor analysis indicated that only one factor was being measured – the organisational relationship itself. The study proposed an improved measurement instrument for reliably measuring organisational relationships (Cronbach Alpha = 0.93). The type of industry, type of alliance, duration of the alliance as well as the size of the organisation did not have a significant influence on the relationship outcomes or the proposed measure of organisational relationships. This implies that the current proposed measurement instrument can be applied to numerous contexts. A general linear model was applied to goal attainment (as the dependent variable) and the relationship outcomes (as the independent variables) in order to determine the specific contribution of each relationship outcome on perceptions of goal attainment. The regression analysis indicated that control mutuality was the greatest influencer of perceptions of goal attainment within alliances. A noticeably low influence of trust was also measured. These findings were obtained through the use of an e-mail survey that obtained cross-sectional data, where 154 alliances were observed (n=154). The study contributed to present literature on organisational relationships by using Grunig and Huang’s (2000:43) three-stage model to explain the relationship between perceptions of goal attainment and the relationship outcomes in alliances within the South African context. Strategic communication management provides a solution to a key organisational issue – the organisation’s interdependence with the stakeholders in its environment and how these stakeholders can better be managed in order to more effectively contribute towards organisational success. Communication managers can demonstrate their value by effectively managing key organisational relationships like alliances by integrating these relationships into organisational strategy. These successful organisational relationships also contribute towards organisational sustainability by enabling the organisation to attain its long- and short-term goals. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Communication Management / MCom / Unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to examine how problematic media use (technoference, internet gaming disorder symptoms, and pornography use) predicted later partner relationship outcomes, operating through the mediator of attachment behaviors. Participants (N = 1039) were from Waves II–IV of the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) study, a nationally representative quantitative study on marriage relationships across the United States. Both spouses completed surveys reporting problematic media use, attachment behaviors, and relationship outcomes at three separate time points each spaced a year apart. In order to test the hypotheses, three longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models with indirect paths were estimated, with each model corresponding to one type of problematic media use. Results indicated that at the cross-sectional level, all three types of problematic media use had significant indirect actor and partner effects, where problematic media use predicted relationship outcomes through the intervening variable of attachment behaviors. Longitudinally, wife technoference directly negatively predicted later partner attachment behaviors, but there were no full indirect paths of Wave II problematic media to Wave IV relationship outcomes through the intervening variable of Wave III attachment behaviors. Implications of these findings and future directions are discussed.

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Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Bien que les relations amoureuses puissent enrichir la vie d’un individu et favoriser son bien-être, elles peuvent également être une source de détresse lorsque des difficultés conjugales surviennent. Les comportements positifs et négatifs émis par les partenaires pourraient avoir un rôle important à jouer dans la satisfaction et l’engagement conjugaux et sont donc souvent ciblés dans le cadre de la psychothérapie conjugale. Cependant, peu d’études se sont intéressées simultanément à ces deux types de comportements pour comprendre leur contribution relative au fonctionnement relationnel. De plus, la présence d’insécurités d’attachement (anxiété d’abandon et évitement de l’intimité), fréquentes chez les partenaires qui consultent en thérapie de couple, pourrait teinter la manière dont ces comportements sont perçus. Ainsi, il semble important de réaliser des études s’intéressant à la fois à la perception des comportements positifs et négatifs du/de la partenaire et aux insécurités d’attachement dans l’étude du lien entre ces variables et le fonctionnement relationnel. Bien que plusieurs études se soient intéressées à ces facteurs de manière indépendante, peu d’entre elles les ont considérés conjointement afin d’atteindre une compréhension plus nuancée du lien entre ces variables. De plus, très peu d’études se sont intéressées à ces variables chez les partenaires de couples en situation de détresse conjugale, un contexte pouvant aussi affecter les perceptions d’un individu à l’égard des comportements de son/sa partenaire. Cette recherche doctorale vise à mieux comprendre les liens entre la perception des comportements positifs et négatifs, les insécurités d’attachement et des indicateurs de fonctionnement relationnel chez les couples consultant en thérapie conjugale. La première étude s’est intéressée aux liens entre la perception de deux comportements du/de la partenaire, un positif (soutien conjugal) et un négatif (violence psychologique), et deux indicateurs de fonctionnement relationnel chez les deux partenaires : la satisfaction conjugale et la volonté d’investir dans la relation. Cette étude s’est aussi intéressée au rôle modérateur de l’anxiété d’abandon dans ces associations. La deuxième étude s’est intéressée aux liens entre les insécurités d’attachement et le sous-engagement des deux partenaires en considérant la perception des comportements positifs et négatifs du/de la partenaire en tant que variables intermédiaires. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les comportements positifs pourraient être particulièrement importants pour expliquer le fonctionnement relationnel des partenaires en situation de détresse conjugale. Les comportements négatifs seraient également associés à leur fonctionnement relationnel, mais dans une moindre mesure que les comportements positifs. La première étude a aussi permis de démontrer que le lien entre le soutien conjugal perçu de la part du/de la partenaire et le fonctionnement relationnel varie en fonction du niveau d’anxiété d’abandon d’un individu, bien qu’il y ait des différences de genre. La deuxième étude a démontré que la perception des comportements positifs du/de la partenaire pourrait constituer un mécanisme impliqué dans l’association entre les insécurités d’attachement et le sous-engagement des partenaires. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’augmentation des comportements positifs, tout en favorisant leur perception par les partenaires, pourrait constituer un facteur-clé des interventions visant à améliorer le fonctionnement relationnel des partenaires en situation de détresse conjugale. / While romantic relationships can enrich an individual's life and promote their well-being, they can also be a source of distress when relational difficulties arise. Positive and negative partner behaviors could have an important role to play in relationship satisfaction and relationship commitment and as such, they are often targeted in the context of couple therapy. However, few studies have considered these two types of behaviors simultaneously to understand their relative contribution to relationship outcomes. In addition, the presence of attachment insecurities (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance), which are frequent among partners who seek couple therapy, could change the way that these behaviors are perceived. Thus, it seems important to carry out studies focusing both on the perception of positive and negative partner behaviors and on attachment insecurities in the study of the association between these variables and relationship outcomes. Although several studies have investigated these factors independently, few studies have considered these factors together to achieve a more nuanced understanding of the association between these variables. Moreover, very few studies have looked at these variables in partners of relationally distressed couples, a context also likely to affect an individual's perceptions of their partner's behaviors. This doctoral research aims to better understand the links between the perception of positive and negative partner behaviors, attachment insecurities, and relationship outcomes among couples seeking couple therapy. The first study focused on the links between the perception of two partner behaviors, one that is positive (support) and one that is negative (psychological aggression), and two relationship outcomes in both partners: relationship satisfaction and the willingness to invest in the relationship. This study also investigated the moderating role of attachment anxiety in these associations. The second study investigated the links between attachment insecurities and both partners’ under-commitment by considering the perception of positive and negative partner behaviors as intermediate variables. Overall, the results suggest that positive partner behaviors could be particularly important to explain relationship outcomes in relationally distressed partners. Negative behaviors would also be associated with relationship outcomes, but to a lesser extent than positive behaviors. The first study also showed that the link between perceived partner support and relationship outcomes varies with an individual’s level of attachment anxiety, although there are gender differences. The second study showed that perceived positive partner behaviors may be a mechanism involved in the association between attachment insecurities and both partners’ under-commitment. Our results suggest that increasing positive behaviors, while also promoting their perception by the partners, could be key for interventions aimed at improving relationship outcomes in relationally distressed partners.