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This thesis analyses religious controversy in late seventeenth - and early eighteenth-century Scotland, examining both the arguments of the educated elites and those of ordinary people. Defining religious controversy as arguments between members of rival religious parties, the thesis concentrates on disputes between presbyterians and episcopalians, and within presbyterianism. In the main, these arguments did not focus on Church government, but embraced a broad range of issues, including allegations of ‘persecution’ (discussed in chapter two), ‘fanaticism’ and ‘enthusiasm’ (chapter three) and the reputations of rival clergy (chapter four). Incidents of crowd violence, the subject of chapter five, provoked controversy, and also promoted the objectives of the religious parties. Chapter six illustrates the significance of debates over the National Covenant and the Solemn League and Covenant, before and after the revolution of 1688-90. Chapter seven then discusses the arguments that gave rise to presbyterian separatism in the years after 1690. As chapter eight explains, the union of 1707 proved highly contentious for presbyterians, and led to a series of political blows to the presbyterian Church. Chapter nine surveys the role in religious controversy of concerns over English theology, new philosophy and atheism. Finally, chapter ten concludes by examining the consequences of controversy for Scottish society. As well as printed pamphlets, satirical verses, sermons and memoirs by elite authors, the thesis draws on the petitions, diaries and correspondence of ordinary people, their testimony to church courts, and evidence of their involvement in crowd violence and separatist worship. Participation in controversy by ordinary men and women was widespread, and was deliberately manipulated by elite presbyterians and episcopalians, who sought to demonstrate the popularity of their parties. By 1714, the position of the established Church and the status of its clergy had deteriorated, and religious pluralism had become a permanent feature of Scottish society.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-05-03T12:32:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROGEH ALVES BUENO.pdf: 2060089 bytes, checksum: b95a8f16fbe9061239d5d8e626397f1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T12:32:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROGEH ALVES BUENO.pdf: 2060089 bytes, checksum: b95a8f16fbe9061239d5d8e626397f1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / The present research deals with the process of institutionalization of the Pentecostal and Neo- Pentecostal churches and deals with their new configuration as religious entrepreneurship. Through a critical look at current society and culture, it was possible to examine the transformations that significantly alter the interaction and the relationship between individuals. In the context of social and cultural changes, religion is also affected. For Weber's classical theory, there is a process of institutionalization of religion that goes through three phases: religious experience, the sect is in turn the church, with the charismatic presence. However, today in a liquid, transparent and spectacular society, surrounded by the culture of consumption, the individual and marked by technological advances and the media, the religious field becomes dynamic and unstable. Different religious groups arise and disappear constantly. In this capitalist world, which has the value of competition, religions are given the option of adapting to this new reality; and for this, churches seek resources in business management. Churches are now using modern management techniques, such as: Planning, Management and Marketing. The guiding hypothesis of this research concerns the understanding that churches are born as such and evolve into a religious enterprise, that is, they are born as churches and become companies that manage other companies (Holding). Some neo-Pentecostal churches incorporate management techniques and assume, in all probability, a new format, entrepreneurship as a form of institutionalization of religion. To achieve the desired results, the research methods include theoretical elements and field research. The information serves as a basis for sustaining the object of study. For this, in addition to the bibliographic research from the available records, digital and printed documents, news, information contained in websites and social networks, among others, were. / A presente pesquisa aborda o processo de institucionalização das igrejas pentecostais e neopentecostais, e trata da sua nova configuração como empresarização religiosa. Através de um olhar crítico sobre a sociedade e cultura atual, foi possível examinar as transformações que alteram de forma significativa a interação e a relação entre os indivíduos. No contexto das mudanças sociais e culturais, a religião também é afetada. Para a teoria clássica de Weber, existe um processo de institucionalização da religião que percorre três fases: a experiência religiosa, a seita é por sua vez a igreja, com a presença marcante do carismático. No entanto, hoje em uma sociedade líquida, transparente e espetacularizada, envolvida pela cultura de consumo, do indivíduo e marcada pelos avanços tecnológicos e dos meios de comunicação, o campo religioso torna-se dinâmico e instável. Diferentes grupos religiosos surgem e desaparecem constantemente. Nesse mundo capitalista, que tem como valor a competição, é posto às religiões a opção de se adaptar a essa nova realidade; e para isso, as igrejas buscam recursos na gestão empresarial. As igrejas passam a fazer uso das técnicas modernas da administração, como: Planejamento, Gestão e Marketing. A hipótese orientadora dessa pesquisa diz respeito ao entendimento de que as igrejas nascem como tal e evoluem para um empreendimento religioso, ou seja, elas já nascem como igrejas e se tornam empresas que gerenciam outras empresas (Holding). Algumas igrejas neopentecostais incorporam as técnicas de administração e assumem, ao que tudo indica um novo formato, a empresarização como forma de institucionalização da religião. Para alcançar os resultados desejados, os métodos de pesquisa contemplam elementos teóricos e pesquisa de campo. As informações servem como base de sustentação do objeto de estudo. Para tanto, além da pesquisa bibliográfica a partir dos registros disponíveis, foram usados no decorrer da pesquisa documentos digitais e impressos, notícias, informações contidas em sites e redes sociais, entre outros.

Socialinio darbo paslaugos Lietuvoje atsirado visai neseniai, kaip ir profesionalus darbas.Vyriausybės įstaigos ir organizacijos stengiasi gerinti žmonių, priklausančių rizikos grupėms, gyvenimo kokybę. Tokių socialinių paslaugų poreikis yra didelis, valstybinės socialinės tarnybos nepajėgia tenkinti esamus reikalavimus. Kaip tik dėl to nevyriausybinių organizacijų reikšmė socialinių paslaugų srityje ypač padidėjo. Savanoriškos organizacijos veikia įvairiose socialinės gerovės ir socialinių paslaugų srityse. Vis didesnis vaidmuo tenka vietos bendruomenei, kaip paslaugų organizatorei. Darbe pateikiamas ir analizuojamas socialinis Katalikų Bažnyčios mokymas, teisiniai, teoriniai ir praktiniai „trečiojo sektoriaus“ organizacijų aspektai Lietuvoje, socialinis darbas ir socialinės veiklos savitumai parapijos Carito organizacijoje, dalyvių (darbuotojų ir klientų) lūkesčiai, tyrimas buvo atliekamas 2007 metais, Šv. Vincento Pauliečio parapijoje. Socialins darbas – tai profesija, kurios atstovai padeda probleminėje situacijoje atsidūrusiems žmonėms, teikia paramą ieškant jų vietos bendruomenėje. Šie darbuotojai yra mokomi siekti teigiamų pokyčių asmeniniame, organizacijų ir bendruomenės lygmenyje. Apie žinių ir savanorystės esmę, žmonių krizių suvokimą, poreikius, vystymosi galimybes, apie Carito organizacijos misiją ir viziją, mokymą, socialinę ir karitatyvinę veiklą, bei tokių specialistų kaip psichologų, medikų, socialinių ir kitų darbuotojų konsultavimą. Carito... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / There are widely spreadvoluntary organizations proceeding social work and social facilities spheres. Community occupies a considerable degree in the sphere of social facilities. Therefore, the work describes and analyses Catholic Church teaching, description of legal status of the third sector in Lithuania and discussion about theoretical and practicak problematique of the NGOs. Social work and social work specificallys of Charity in parish, xpectations of participans ( workers and clients), presentation and interpretation of the reseerch data on Charitas in St. Vincenta's Paolo parish, 2007. At the same time, social work is a profession that helps people in problematic situations and gives support in finding their personal attitude towards their way of life. And, by finding their way in community and giving attention to how we organize community, so working on changes is a substantial part of this profession. Social workers are educated to work on changes on personal level, on changes in organizations, and in relation to the community. Including knowledges and value based understanding of human crises, needs and possibility for implementation, about Charitas organization mission and vision, educational, social and charity, counseling of specialists, such as psychologist, medical, social workers and etc. Charity programs oriented to community help and community relations building, increasing professional, social personal competencies, the solidarity and subsidiary... [to full text]

The importance of the Hittites derives from the fact that they were an organized central power extending over a large territory within which a number of societies maintained their language, culture and traditions. The archaeological findings of Hattusha, the Hittite capital reveal that the city had reached its maximum limits during the Great Kingdom period and the most magnificient and monumental buildings of the city are dated to this period. Yazilikaya, the open air sanctuary which reached to its final form during the Great Kingdom period too, is an outstanding example of the many temples constructed in Hattusha that belong to different periods and the dimensions of which are quite dfferent from each other. Among the archaeological findings of Hattusha, the royal archives are other important material evidence as they transmit us the Hittites&#039 / perception of the cosmos. However, understanding the antique world which is at a &quot / distance&quot / both historaiclly and conceptually is not an easy task. In this context, rethinking and reinterpreting the meaning attributed to Yazilikaya, th eopen air sanctuary, can only be achieved by considering the political, architectural and religious aspects together. This study is an attempt to reinterpret the material knowledge by drawing the appropriate limits of this knowledge with a contextual approach.