This dissertation studies the content of Catholic polemic printed in the city of Lyon from 1560 to 1594, a period ranging from the first hints of wider Protestant unrest to the submission of the city to Henry IV and the resumption of royal control. The time frame corresponds to an era of zealous Catholic activity in which combating Protestantism, or heresy as they usually labeled it, was a primary focus of the Lyonnaise Catholic Church and the presses which supported it. By studying the thematic content of these cheap print sources, I will provide a glimpse into the types of issues that appear most prominently in this particular type of print medium and trace how such issues change, or remain static, over time. Most important of these themes are the importance of concord or unity and the willingness of God to punish his followers for their sins and, frequently, mankind's unwillingness to reunify the church and create concord through force. This dissertation has grown into a commentary on this dynamic more than any other single issue and readers will detect tangential comments concerning the importance of unity and God's punishment throughout earlier chapters. Time and again, polemicists make clear that the only means to a lasting "peace" is to achieve religious unity by any means necessary. Only this purity within the faithful will ease God's hand and cure France of its ills. Sources were drawn from the principal libraries in Lyon and the Rhone valley, in addition to occasional pieces scattered in Paris and other libraries throughout France.

The core tasks of the diploma thesis were to familiarize the reader with the biblical themes as biblical wars from historical and cultural perspective, clarify the issue of the divine struggles and embedding in cultural and ethical context. Good News of the Bible was confronted with non biblical written sources, mostly written records of Moabities, Assyrians, Egyptians, Sumerians and people of Ugarit. The diploma thesis was focused primarily on the period of the Kingdom of Israel. Also were discussed the battles of Israelis before entering the Land of Canaan and the split the Kingdom of Israel. Primarily it has been worked with the Deuteronomy corpus that is characteristic by its synchronic and diachronic approach. The reader was made familiar with the issue of divine wars and the extermination of cursed cities. The herald function of Deuteronomy corpus and the possible nonrealistic information sources were also clarified. The author is inclined to the opinion Sa-Moon Kang and consideres holy wars to the end of the Kingdom period. With the emergence of secular government and deviation from the Lord for rulers was the priority to resolve property disputes. The only exception between wars of power was the assistance of the prophet Elisha which suddenly turned the fight into Godʼs battle. The elements...

Si Catherine de Médicis a fait l’objet d’une attention jamais démentie de la part des historiens, aucune recherche n’a jamais été menée sur un aspect pourtant central de son action politique : la diplomatie. Or, elle a abondamment écrit entre l’avènement de François II le 10 juillet 1559 et sa propre mort le 5 janvier 1589 : il reste aujourd’hui 5 958 lettres d’une correspondance dont le rythme n’a jamais réellement fléchi pendant ces trois décennies. La part extérieure encore conservée représente quant à elle 2 454 pièces et forme une source centrale pour comprendre la politique étrangère menée par la reine mère. Toutefois, dans le cadre de cette étude, les dépêches de Catherine de Médicis aux résidents français ainsi que les réponses qu’elle reçoit d’eux ont surtout été abordées comme un objet d’histoire plus encore que comme un témoignage des négociations diplomatiques. L’intérêt s’est donc porté sur l’épistolarité comme moyen de gouvernement à une époque où l’éloignement entre les acteurs fait de la lettre, qui dans le domaine diplomatique prend le nom de dépêche, le seul lien qui les unit. / Historians have always been interested by Catherine de Medici but no research has even been produced on a central aspect of her action: diplomacy. Yet, she has written an enormous amount of letters from the accession to the throne of her son François II in 1559 to her own death in 1589 and we still have 5 958 letters from a correspondence that has never weakened during three decades. Among them, we can find 2 454 foreign letters, that forms a central object to understand the foreign policy decided by the Queen Mother. Yet, during this work, the letters written by Catherine de Medici to the French ambassadors and the replies she received from them has mainly been considered as an historical object more than a testimony of diplomatic negotiations. Therefore, the interest has been focused on epistolarity as a means of government in a time when distance between actors makes the letter to be the only link between them.

This study examines four suits of armour that belonged to two Swedish kings, one protestant and one catholic, during the renaissance. The study tries to determine if it is possible to extract the religious identity of these kings based upon the decorations or other connotations of the suits of armour. Since the two kings, Erik the XIV:th and John the III, where half brothers and they succeeded each other, the suits of armour are closley matched in time and style.   The study also examines the grave effigy of one of the kings, John the III of Sweden, to examine if there is a connection between crossed legs on effigys and the perception of religion during the period.   The study is conducted through a archeological and historiological method and uses a combination theory of Smarts seven dimensions and the pictoral turn.   The main question of the study is: -          What does it take to track religious bias through armour? The subsequent questions are: -          Is it possible to find the religious identity in the suits of armour? -          Was the Gothicism movement a religious movement? -          The effigy of John the III was sculpted in a style popular in the eleventh century, created in the 16:th century and placed in the 18:th century. What conclusions can be drawn from this while also tracking the discourse of effigys in the same time expance.   The study concludes that if the identity of the owner of a suit of armour is known, the symbols that adorne the suit can be interpreted fairly well. It also conludes that the gothic movement in Sweden where an extremely aggressive catholic movement. Finally it concludes that the creation and placement of the tomb in Uppsala cathedral closely follows the different discourses about the meaning of crossed legs on effigys in Europe and that the makers most likely gave the position a devout religious connotation.

The research issue of this diploma thesis is a civil war. The main aim is to uncover mechanisms that form a logical chain reasons - mechanisms - indicators. The work is composed of a theoretical research and 2 case studies (Sudan, Georgia). A list of general indicators of CW is included. Our of a comples analysis of a civil war there's a main emphasis on previous context and reasons.