This thesis will consider the question of the intended audience of Jippensha Ikku’s十返舎一九, ōraimono (educational book) Togakushi Zenkō-ji ōrai 戸隠善光寺往来(1822) as preface to an annotated translation completed using free online xylographic editions. Published in the midst of rising literacy rates and a boom in religious pilgrimages, this work would have been popular among women of the late Edo era. Analysis of the ōraimono genre will reveal that this work, was intended as a practical guidebook for Zenkō-ji pilgrimages rather than for use as a classroom textbook. An experienced traveler guides a dutiful son and mother from Edo (Tōkyō) along the Nakasendō and Hokkoku Kaidō roads to Zenkō-ji Temple and Togakushi Shrine in Shinano Province (Nagano). The mother character in Togakushi Zenkō-ji ōrai, though not the direct recipient of the expert traveler’s knowlege, will be revealed as a sort of hidden protagonist central to the entire narrative. Lastly, I will attempt to settle disputed publishing information, arguing that Nishimiya Shinroku 西宮新六was the first publisher and Moriya Jihei 森屋治兵衛printed subsequent editions. Serious in tone, this work demonstrates Ikku’s versatility as a departure from his famous slapstick travelogue, Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (Shank’s Mare).

Vilniaus Verkių Kalvarijų Kryžiaus kelio pamaldume atskleista istorija, 36 apeiginiai papročiai buvę anksčiau ir išlikę šiandien. Pateikta samprata apie tradicinę ir lokalinę piligrimystę Katalikų Bažnyčios mokyme.Atlikus apklausą atrastas naujas paprotys-Dievo Gailestingumo kultas. / One of Lithuania Catholic church practices of devoutness- calvarias. Calvarias Roads of The Cross are the one of objects of European Catholic religijon history, ethnology and ethnomusicology scien ces. The work is new and original not only because of it‘s theme which was researched for the first time. Verkiai Calvaries have been established in 17th century. The Calvaries were completed in 1669 by the supervision of Dominican monks. They have been constructed exactly following the plan of Jerusalem, with the distances, water bodies and elevations being very close to the original. New chapels were constructed in the 18th century in Baroque style. Verkiai Way of the Cross consists of 22 chapels, 7 wooden and brick gates, and two church ensembles. Almost all stations were completely destroyed in 1962 under the Soviet rule. After regaining the independence the reconstruction was started. Last chapels were rebuilt in 2004. Today the entire complex is reconstructed and is proclaimed an architectural monument of national significance. Vilnius Calvary still today attracts multitudes of pilgrims from all over Lithuania on Pentecost. In 1990, after Lithuania regained her state independence, the restoring of the dynamited by the Soviet authorities Stations of Vilnius Calvary started. The tradition of indulgenced feast of Pentecost was renewed. In 2002, the Cardinal Audrys Juozas Bačkis consecrated all the rebuilt Stations of the Cross.