Migrant workers in the developed countries remit part of their earnings to their families, relatives, and friends left behind in their old communities in the less developed countries. Remittances, as financial resources whether delivered in cash or in kind, have been playing great roles in the development of the economies of many developing countries. Remittances are now taking the lead after foreign direct investment in most aid recipient countries. Remittances are believed to remain a stable source of foreign exchange (Ratha 2003:163). They have great impact on the society at large and on the living standards of most remittance recipient households. Remittances can be classified as private development assistance because they are sent from individual migrants. At the same time, they are family welfare systems or safety nets that are delivered directly to the beneficiaries. Why do migrants remit? There are different theories of remittances that attempt to explain the act of remitting. Such theories range from an altruistic behaviour, which according to some studies about 75 percent of remitters claim to be motivated by enlightened-self interest, implicit family loan agreement and implicit co-insurance. The macro-economic determinants and the social networks also play a part in influencing the flow in volumes and frequencies of these moneys. Eritrea, as a country that has come out of protracted and devastating thirty years of war, started its development from meagre resources. In fact according to Randall (1995), in 1991 - the year Eritrea got its independence - 85 percent of its people were living on foreign aid whether in the form of remittances or food aid. During the armed struggle, the role of the Diaspora Eritreans was significant not only as financial support but also because they acted as spokespersons for the little-known struggle for independence. It was therefore imperative for Eritrea to rely heavily on its Diaspora population for their financial, technical and other material resources to rehabilitate its devastated economy. To regain sovereignty means a lot to Eritreans as a whole and to the Diaspora Eritreans in particular. After independence, hundreds of thousands of the Eritrean Diaspora flew to their country, met their families and visited different historical places. According to the ministry of Tourism of the State of Eritrea, more than 70,000 Diaspora Eritreans visit the country annually, which means a sustainable level of tourism development can be achieved. The Diaspora also initiated different projects. The study has come to realise that indeed there are different projects that are sponsored by the Eritrean Diaspora in concern of their immediate families, communities and investments for their potential profits. Although it is difficult to put it in terms of figures or percentiles, some estimates put the annual remittances received by Eritreans to be between 200 - 300 million US dollars. Remittances, whether consumed or invested, are estimated to contribute enormously to the Eritrean economy, which roughly estimated is 19-37 percent of GDP. As in the case of Mexico, remittances' trickling down effect is 3:1 (Adelman and Taylor 1990 as cited in Ratha, 2003). Likewise, the developmental effect of remittances in the Eritrean economy is also estimated no less, if not more. Furthermore, the Government of the State of Eritrea implemented different policy measures to ease the flow of remittances and to guide the individual remitter in the use of these financial resources in the domestic economy. Different investment opportunities such as housing projects, sale of shares and stocks of government owned enterprises and treasury bonds are to mention but a few. Similarly, the government, to augment the Martyrs' Trust Fund and to increase the tax base of the economy, introduced directives plus nominal tax rates to the Diaspora Eritreans. Institutionalising Diaspora Eritreans and securitization of the future-flow of remittances also helped the government to get access to international markets, to avoid credit rationing in the face of deteriorating sovereign risks. The dissertation attempts to capture the role of remittances as development tools in the Eritrean economy. After introducing the geopolitical and economic background history of the country in chapter one, in chapter two attempts are made to cover extensively the definitions, uses and drawbacks of remittances. In chapter the different theories or determinants of remittances and the transfer channels and their associated problems are described. In chapter four endeavours are made to assess the different policy measures applied by labour exporting countries to influence the flow of remittances and their uses. For comparison of these policies, three countries experiences are presented. Finally in chapter five the paper tries to draw conclusions and advance some recommendations. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Several studies have examined the effect of remittances on economic growth,poverty, education, and governance, among other factors, in developing countrieswith inconclusive results. Using annual panel data of 99 developing countries invarious empirical models, this study aim to answer the question how remittances affect a broader aspect of development using the Human Development Index asdependent variable. The findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between remittances and the level of human development in developing countries.

In this study, a demand oriented simultaneous equation macroeconometric model with a dynamic perspective is constructed in order to investigate the impact of workers&rsquo / remittances on output growth via their effects on key macro variables such as private consumption, investment and imports for Turkey. The study covers the period of 1964-2003 on an annual basis. Results of the analysis suggest that workers&rsquo / remittances affect output growth in a positive manner through the multiplier process. It is found that the highest induced growth rate by remittances to output growth belongs to the early 1970s especially the year of 1973, which corresponds to the date of first oil shock and also the end of labour migration to Europe. Thus, it is concluded that although workers&rsquo / remittances have been mostly used for consumption and imports as mentioned in most of the studies both for Turkey and other countries, remittances contributed to economic growth of Turkey positively through the multiplier process especially in the early 1970s.

Thesis (Ph.D.(Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-241).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Political Science, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Fordham University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-173).

No description available.

La migration façonne la manière dont les sociétés évoluent dans les pays de destination, mais également dans les pays d'origine. Dans un contexte où l'attention des chercheurs se tourne progressivement de l'impact de la migration sur les pays d'accueil vers son impact sur les pays d'origine, cette thèse propose quatre aperçus des liens entre la migration internationale et les marchés de travail dans les pays d'origine. Chaque essai illustre ces interactions entre l'emploi local et la migration dans plusieurs pays de la région Moyen Orient et Afrique du Nord, combinant l'analyse micro et macroéconomique, les données quantitatives et qualitatives, la modélisation en équilibre général calculable et la microéconométrie. Le premier chapitre présente un modèle d'équilibre général calculable original qui permet de mettre en évidence les principaux canaux à travers lesquels la migration a des répercussions sur le marché du travail: l'offre de travail, les transferts de fonds et l'éducation. Dans les trois chapitres suivants, j'analyse en profondeur les fondements microéconomiques et les implications de chacun de ces canaux. / Migration shapes societies in both origin and destination countries. With scholars' focus progressively turning from the impact of migration on receiving countries towards its impact on sending countries, this thesis offers four insights on the interlinkages between international migration and labour markets in origin countries. Each essay illustrates these interactions between local employment and migration in several countries of the Middle East and North Africa region, combining micro and macroeconomic analysis, quantitative and qualitative data, computable general equilibrium modeling and microeconometrics. The first chapter presents an original computable general equilibrium model which allows us to capture the broad channels though which migration impacts labour market outcomes: labour supply, remittances and education. In the following three chapters, we explore in depth the microeconomic foundations and implications of each of these channels.

Sweden is a developed country whereas DRC is a developing country, and both are countries of migration and immigration. Taking these two countries as a case study in migration and development brings out a better understanding that good labour migration policy facilitates all actors to realize the benefits of migrant workers through labour and remittances. DRC’s paradoxical natural resources attract many international migrants. But it faces political and economic instability which are considered as push factors for Congolese migrants to leave their country and look for asylum, and economic betterment in Africa and beyond, especially in industrialised countries. DRC is one of the richest nations in the world with about 1,100 diverse kinds of minerals, and yet it is still one of the poorest countries in the world. Using qualitative method based on historical approach, findings show that migrant workers are workforces and they contribute to economic development in both sending and receiving countries through their labour and remittances sent back home. But these findings are contested, and they bring out debate and discussions.