The relationship between the endocannabinoid system in the renal medulla and the long-term regulation of blood pressure is not well understood. To investigate the possible role of the endocannabinoid system in renomedullary interstitial cells, mouse medullary interstitial cells (MMICs) were obtained, cultured and characterized for their responses to treatment with a selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), PF-3845. Treatment of MMICs with PF-3845 increased cytoplasmic lipid granules detected by Sudan Black B staining and multilamellar bodies identified by transmission electron microscopy. HPLC analyses of lipid extracts of MMIC culture medium revealed a 205nm-absorbing peak that showed responsiveness to PF-3845 treatment. The biologic activities of the PF-3845-induced product (PIP) isolated by HPLC were investigated in anesthetized, normotensive surgically-instrumented mice. Intramedullary and intravenous infusion of PIP at low dose rates (0.5-1 AU/10 min) stimulated diuresis and natriuresis, whereas at higher doses, these parameters returned toward baseline but mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered. Whereas intravenous bolus doses of PIP stimulated diuresis, GFR and medullary blood flow (MBF) and reduced or had no effect on MAP, an intraperitoneal bolus injection of PIP reduced MAP, increased MBF, and had no effect on urinary parameters. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of the cannabinoid type 1 receptors in mice completely abolished the diuretic and vasodepressor properties of intramedullary infused PIP, suggesting that the PF-3845-induced product requires the presence of CB1 receptors in order to elicit its renal effects. In a radioactive competition binding assay, using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CB1 receptors, PIP successfully displaced the CB1 selective inverse agonist [3H] SR141716A, revealing that the lipid extract was able to compete for binding to CB1 receptors. Finally, we investigated the tubular location of diuretic activity that the PF-3845-induced lipid fraction exhibits. In a renal function in vivo experiment, we pre-treated anesthetized mice with an intramedullary infusion of one of four well-known diuretics. This procedure was followed by an intramedullary infusion of PIP (1AU). Only inhibition of the proximal tubule sodium reabsorption diminished the diuretic activity of the PF-3845-induced product, suggesting that the lipid fraction requires a physiologically intact proximal tubular reabsorption mechanism for it to produce diuresis. These data support a model whereby PF-3845 treatment of MMICs results in increased secretion of a neutral lipid which acts directly to promote diuresis and natriuresis and indirectly through metabolites to produce vasodepression. Efforts to identify the structure of the PF-3845-induced lipid and its relationship to the previously proposed renomedullary antihypertensive lipids are ongoing.

Le récepteur du facteur de libération de l’hormone de croissance (GHRHR) est un récepteur de la famille des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G. Il est fortement exprimé dans les cellules somatotropes de l’hypophyse antérieure de plusieurs mammifères. Ce récepteur exerce un rôle primordial dans la stimulation de la synthèse et de la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance ainsi que dans la prolifération des somatotropes. Au niveau extrahypophysaire, les niveaux les plus élevés d’ARNm du GHRHR se retrouvent dans le rein. Toutefois, aucune analyse immunohistochimique n’existe encore sur la localisation précise et la quantification sur les niveaux de GHRHR dans les différents segments du rein de rat et sa dynamique d’expression en situation normale et pathologique telle que l’ischémie. De plus, dans le rein humain normal, aucune information n’est présentement disponible. Le premier article de ce mémoire a pour objectif d’identifier, par immunofluorescence directe, la localisation du GHRHR à travers le système tubulaire rénal, chez le rat jeune en bonne santé. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que dans le rein de rat sain, le GHRHR est exprimé dans les cellules du tubule proximal contourné et droit, de l’anse de Henlé ascendante épaisse corticale et médullaire et de l’anse de Henlé ascendante mince. Le cortex et la bande externe de la médulla externe seraient les deux régions où l’expression est la plus élevée. À la suite d’une insulte rénale comme l’ischémie-reperfusion (IR) chaude, nos résultats démontrent que l’expression du GHRHR est régulée à la baisse dans ces mêmes régions. De plus, une augmentation de certains marqueurs de détérioration cellulaire est présente comme l’enzyme initiatrice, la caspase-9 clivée et effectrice (caspase-3 clivée), des fragments d’ADN et la surexpression d’indication d’injure tissulaire comme la protéine Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1). L’ensemble de ces résultats ouvre plusieurs pistes d’études concernant l’importance du GHRHR en rénoprotection. Le deuxième article de ce mémoire a pour objectif d’identifier, par immunofluorescence directe, la localisation du GHRHR à travers le système tubulaire rénal humain. Nos résultats suggèrent que dans le rein humain sain, le GHRHR est davantage exprimé dans le cortex, plus précisément, au niveau du tubule proximal droit et contourné et l’anse de Henlé corticale ascendante épaisse. L’expression du GHRHR est aussi notable au niveau de la région médullaire, pour être plus spécifique, au niveau de l’anse de Henlé médullaire ascendante épaisse et de la médulla. Ainsi, comme chez le rat, l’expression du GHRHR rénal est régio-spécifique. Finalement, le troisième article de ce mémoire est une revue de la littérature ayant pour but d’établir un lien entre les mécanismes connus du stress oxydant dans un contexte d’IR rénale et son impact spécifique dans la médulla. Cet article met en évidence que les différents segments du rein réagissent différemment à une agression oxydante et que la médulla est la région la plus vulnérable. De plus, cette revue de la littérature souligne que les différents types de mécanismes connus du stress oxydant dans un contexte d’IR rénale, tel que la production de dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène, ciblent principalement deux structures du néphron : le tubule proximal et l’anse de Henlé ascendante épaisse médullaire. Les principales répercussions de ces mécanismes observables sont l’inflammation, l’apoptose cellulaire et la diminution des fonctions rénales. Ces mécanismes peuvent aussi être utilisés comme un outil de diagnostic ou de détermination de la santé de l’organe. / The growth hormone-releasing factor receptor (GHRHR) is a receptor of the family of G- protein-coupled receptors. It is highly expressed in the somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary of several mammals. This receptor plays an essential role in the stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone as well as in the proliferation of somatotrophs. At the extra- pituitary level, the highest levels of GHRHR mRNA are found in the kidney. However, no immunohistochemical analysis yet exists on precise localization and quantification of GHRHR levels in the different segments of the rat kidney and its expression dynamics in normal and pathological situations such as ischemia. Additionally, in the normal human kidney, no information is currently available. The first article of this thesis aims to identify, by direct immunofluorescence, the localization of the GHRHR through the renal tubular system, in young healthy rats. Our results show that in the healthy rat kidney, GHRHR is expressed in the cells of the convoluted and right proximal tubule, of the cortical and medullary thick ascending loop of Henle and of the thin ascending loop of Henle. The cortex and the outer band of the outer medulla would be the two regions where the expression is the highest. Following a renal insult such as warm ischemia-reperfusion (RI), our results demonstrate that GHRHR expression is down-regulated in these same regions. In addition, an increase in certain markers of cellular damage is present including initiating enzymes, cleaved and effector caspase-9 (cleaved caspase-3), DNA fragments and overexpression indicative of tissue injury such as protein Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1). All these results open up several avenues of study concerning the importance of GHRHR in renoprotection. The second article of this thesis aims to identify, by direct immunofluorescence, the localization of the GHRHR through the human renal tubular system. Our results suggest that in the healthy human kidney, the GHRHR is more expressed in the cortex, more precisely at the level of the right, convoluted proximal tubule and the thick ascending cortical loop of Henle. The expression of GHRHR is also appreciable at the level of the medullary region, more precisely at the level of the thick ascending medullary loop of Henle, and the medulla. Thus, as in rats, the expression of renal GHRHR is region specific. Finally, the third article of this thesis is a review of the literature aimed at establishing a link between the known mechanisms of oxidative stress in the context of renal IR and its specific impact in the medulla. This article highlights that the different segments of the kidney react differently to an oxidative attack and that the medulla is the most vulnerable region. In addition, this review of the literature underlines that the different types of known mechanisms of oxidative stress in a context of renal IR, such as the production of reactive oxygen species, mainly target two structures of the nephron: the proximal tubule and the thick ascending loop of Henle. The main repercussions of these observable mechanisms are inflammation, cellular apoptosis and reduced renal function. These mechanisms can also be used as a diagnostic tool or to determine the health of the organ.