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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Molekulare Charakterisierung von Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons als abundante Sequenzklasse des Centromers eines Minichromosoms in Beta vulgaris L.

Weber, Beatrice 14 January 2008 (has links)
Die Gattung Beta gehört zur Familie der Chenopodiaceae und wird in die vier Sektionen Beta, Corollinae, Nanae und Procumbentes unterteilt, wobei die Zuckerrübe der Sektion Beta zugeordnet wird. Aus dem Genom der Zuckerrübe und verwandter Wildarten konnten bereits eine Vielzahl von repetitiven DNA-Familien kloniert und untersucht werden. Mit der monosomen Fragmentadditionslinie PRO1 stand eine Chromosomenmutante zur Verfügung, die neben den 18 B. vulgaris-Chromosomen ein Chromosomenfragment der Wildrübe Beta procumbens enthält. Da dieses als Minichromosom bezeichnete Fragment mitotische Stabilität aufweist, muss es ein funktionelles Centromer besitzen, das auch im genetischen Hintergrund von Beta vulgaris aktiv ist. Mit der Erstellung einer BAC (bacterial artifical chromosome)-Bank von PRO1 wurde die molekulare Charakterisierung von Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons eines einzelnen Wildrüben-Centromers möglich. Die für die Wildrübe Beta procumbens spezifischen Satellitenrepeats pTS5 und pTS4.1 dienten der Selektion von BACs aus der Centromer-Region des PRO1-Minichromosoms. Die Identifizierung eines unikalen genomischen Locus, mit einer Verschachtelung von zwei nicht homologen LTR-Retrotransposons, ermöglichte die gerichtete Isolation der LTR-Retrotransposons Beetle1 und Beetle2. Das Retrotransposon Beetle1 hat eine Gesamtlänge von 6736 bp und wird von LTR-Sequenzen begrenzt, die eine Länge von 1091 bp (5’-LTR) bzw. 1089 bp (3’-LTR) aufweisen. Das LTR-Retrotransposon Beetle2 weist mit 6690 bp eine ähnliche Gesamtlänge wie Beetle1 auf. Es wird von deutlich kürzeren LTR-Sequenzen mit einer Länge von 774 bp begrenzt. Aufgrund der Reihenfolge der Polyproteingene lassen sich Beetle1 und Beetle2 in die Gruppe der Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons (Metaviridae) einordnen. Beide Retrotransposon-Familien besitzen ein einziges offenes Leseraster (open reading frame; ORF) mit fusionierten gag- und pol-Genen. Datenbankrecherchen zeigten hohe Homologien von Beetle1 und Beetle2 mit den centromerischen Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons CRM aus Zea mays, CRR aus Oryza sativa und cereba aus Hordeum vulgare. Diese centromerischen Retrotransposons (CRs) sind in den Poaceae stark konserviert und stellen neben Satellitenrepeats eine hochabundante Sequenzklasse der Centromere der Süßgräser dar. Da sie im 3’-Bereich des gag-pol-Polyproteins eine Chromodomäne aufweisen, werden sie der eigenständigen Gruppe der Chromoviren zugeordnet. Chromodomänen sind zur Bindung von Proteinen und DNA befähigt und spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Chromatin-Modifikation und der Bildung von Heterochromatin-Regionen. Beetle1 und Beetle2 besitzen Motive einer Chromodomäne, die vermutlich für eine gerichtete Transposition in die Centromer-Region verantwortlich ist. Neben der geringen Divergenz von Beetle1- und Beetle2-Sequenzen sowohl im Genom von Beta procumbens als auch in den anderen Arten der Sektion Procumbentes spricht auch das junge Alter von 100 000 bis 350 000 Jahren und die Transkriptionsaktivität für eine Einordnung dieser Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons in die Gruppe der Chromoviren. Sowohl die Southern-Hybridisierung als auch die Fluoreszenz-in situ-Hybridisierung zeigten, dass Beetle1 und Beetle2 nur für die Sektion Procumbentes spezifisch sind und dort in hoher Kopienzahl vorkommen. Untersuchungen mit methylierungssensitiven Restriktionsendonukleasen veranschaulichten den hohen Grad an Cytosin-Methylierung von Beetle1 und Beetle2.
22

Análise de marcadores cromossômicos em Rineloricaria (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) com ênfase na diversidade cariotípica

Glugoski, Larissa 23 February 2017 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Glugoski.pdf: 3355270 bytes, checksum: c1790717a7cb103b4caf05eb10cb56cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / The Loricariidae family is the largest in the Siluriformes order, being comprised of eight subfamilies. One of these, the Loricariinae subfamily, shows great diversity in respect to the number of chromosomes and karyotype formula, varying in the diploid number (2n) from 36 to 74 chromosomes. This diverse range originated mainly from Robertsonian(Rb) rearrangements. Rineloricaria is the largest genre in the Loricariinae subfamily, its species ranging from 2n = 36 to 70 chromosomes. In spite of this, little is known about which kinds of repetitive DNA gave rise to the events of chromosome fusion or fission. Previous studies have revealed the presence of multiple 5S rDNA sites in specimens of Rineloricaria from the Paraná River Basin, associated to the Robertsonian fission/fusion events. The aim of this work was the molecular characterization of the fragile sites associated to the 5S rDNA, besides localizing in situ marker chromosomes in Rineloricaria latirostris from the Das Pedras River and R. latirostris from the Piumhi River (first described in this work), seeking to understand the 2n diversification in this group. Rineloricaria latirostris from the Pedras River exhibited 2n = 46 chromosomes, while those from the Piumhi River presented 2n = 48 chromosomes, and both had a fundamental number (FN) of 60. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays in R. latirostris from the Piumhi River revealed 2 chromosome pairs with 5S rDNA sites, pair 7 with 18S rDNA, and only terminal staining when subjected to a telomeric probe (TTAGGGn). The population of the Pedras river exhibited 5 pairs with 5S rDNA sites, the metacentric (m) pair 2 marked with 18S rDNA, TTAGGGn markers in the terminal regions of the chromosomes, and the presence of interstitial telomeric sites (ITS) in pairs m 1 and m 3. The latter, in synteny with 5S rDNA, is indicative of Robertsonian fusion events. The isolation, cloning and sequencing of the 5S rDNA revealed clones with high sequence identity to 5S rDNA from other species, in addition to the necessary regions for recognition and transcription by RNA polymerase III. One clone of ~700 bp exhibited a degenerated fragment of hAT transposon in its sequence. It was named degenerated 5S rDNA. The fluorescence in situ hybridization assay highlighted chromosomes with co-localized staining for 5S rDNA/hAT, 5S rDNA/degenerated 5S rDNA, and 5S rDNA/ITS (m 3 pair) in R. latirostris from das Pedras River. In R. latirostris from Piumhi River, there was no detection of degenerated 5S rDNA sites. These results allow us to infer the role of the hAT transposon in the dispersion of 5S rDNA sites in the population, since some studies have indicated a relation between 5S rDNA dispersion and transposons in fish. In conclusion, data obtained by this study indicate a possible association between the hAT and the dispersion of 5S rDNA sites and Robertsonian events in the studied population of R. latirostris. The presence of the 5S rDNA/degenerated 5S rDNA/ITS generates hotspots for chromosomal breakage, contributing to the large karyotype diversity found in Loricariidae. / A família Loricariidae é a mais numerosa dentro da ordem Siluriformes e abrange oito subfamílias. A subfamília Loricarinae apresenta uma grande diversidade no que diz respeito ao número de cromossomos e a fórmula cariotípica, com variação do número diploide (2n) de 36 a 74 cromossomos, sendo os rearranjos Robertsonianos (Rb) considerados os principais mecanismos para explicar esta variação cromossômica. Rineloricaria é o gênero mais numeroso de Loricariinae, com espécies apresentando 2n = 36 - 70 cromossomos. Contudo, pouco ainda se sabe sobre quais os tipos de DNAs repetitivos originaram os eventos de fissão e fusão cromossômica. Estudos anteriores revelaram a presença de sítios múltiplos de rDNA 5S em exemplares de Rineloricaria da bacia do Rio Paraná, associados aos eventos de fissão/fusão Robertsonianos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização molecular de sítios frágeis associados ao rDNA 5S, além da localização in situ de marcadores cromossômicos em Rineloricaria latirostris do rio das Pedras e R. latirostris do rio Piumhi (pela primeira vez descrito neste trabalho), visando a compreensão da diversificação do 2n neste grupo. Rineloricaria latirostris do rio das Pedras apresentou 2n = 46 cromossomos, enquanto R. latirostris do rio Piumhi apresentou 2n = 48 cromossomos, ambos com número fundamental (NF) de 60. Ensaios de hibridação in situ fluorescente em R. latirostris do rio Piumhi revelaram 2 pares cromossômicos marcados com rDNA 5S, o par 7 marcado com rDNA 18S, além de apenas marcações terminais utilizando-se a sonda telomérica (TTAGGGn). A população do rio das Pedras apresentou 5 pares portadores de sítios de rDNA 5S, o par metacêntrico (m) 2 marcado com rDNA 18S, marcações de TTAGGGn nas regiões terminais dos cromossomos, além da presença de vestígios de sítios teloméricos intersticiais (interstitial telomeric sites - ITS) nos pares m 1 e m 3, sendo este último em sintenia com o rDNA 5S, indicativo de eventos de fusão Robertsoniana. O isolamento, clonagem e sequenciamento de fragmentos de rDNA 5S, revelaram clones apresentando alta identidade ao rDNA 5S de outras espécies, além das regiões necessárias para o reconhecimento e transcrição pela RNA polimerase III. Um dos clones de ~700 pb apresentou um fragmento do transposon hAT em sua sequência, já em intensa degeneração molecular, sendo denominado de rDNA 5S degenerado. A hibridação in situ fluorescente evidenciou cromossomos com marcações co-localizadas de rDNA 5S/hAT, rDNA 5S/rDNA 5S degenerado e rDNA 5S/ITS (no par m 3) em R. latirostris do rio da Pedras. Em R. latirostris do rio Piumhi, não foram detectados sítios com rDNA 5S degenerado. Estes resultados nos permitem inferir o papel do TE hAT na dispersão dos sítios de rDNA 5S na população estudada, visto que alguns estudos indicam haver uma relação entre a dispersão do rDNA 5S pelo genoma e TEs em peixes. Em conclusão, os dados obtidos neste estudo indicam uma possível associação entre o elemento hAT e a dispersão de sítios de rDNA 5S e eventos Robertsonianos presentes na população de R. latirostris estudada. A presença de rDNA 5S/rDNA 5S degenerado/ITS geram hotspots para as quebras cromossômicas, contribuindo assim para a ampla diversidade cariotípica encontrada em Loricariidae.
23

Evolução de cromossomos sexuais em Eigenmannia virescens (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes) / Evolution of sex chromosomes in the genus Eigenmannia (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)

Henning, Frederico 17 December 2007 (has links)
Cromossomos sexuais evoluíram repetidas vezes independentemente nos grandes grupos de vertebrados. Sistemas sexuais altamente diferenciados e antigos são caracterizados por grandes diferenças morfológicas e de conteúdo gênico entre os dois cromossomos homólogos onde a recombinação é restrita a uma pequena região homóloga. Os sistemas recentes característicos de peixes caracterizam-se pela similaridade entre os cromossomos X e Y (ou Z e W), nos quais as diferenças observadas freqüentemente envolvem a presença de heterocromatina, translocações e inversões. A recombinação ocorre entre o par sexual na maior parte de sua extensão, sendo inibida apenas na região diretamente relacionada com a determinação sexual. Notavelmente, sistemas diferentes de determinação podem ser encontrados em espécies, ou mesmo populações. O gênero Eigenmannia compreende grupos de espécies crípticas do ponto de vista morfológico que exibem variação no número cromossômico e podem apresentar sistemas sexuais XY ou ZW, incluindo sistemas múltiplos (com translocação Y-autossomo). Estes sistemas estão entre os mais recentes descritos (<16ma) e estão dispostos de forma desordenada em árvores de relações filogenéticas, sugerindo origens múltiplas. No presente estudo, a técnicas de pintura cromossômica usando sondas obtidas por microdissecção de cromossomos sexuais foram empregadas para testar a homologia de dois sistemas XY encontrados nos citótipos (ou espécies) E. virescens e E. sp.2. Os resultados mostram que, de fato, ambos são não homólogos. A fusão Y-autossomo provavelmente ocorreu após a separação de E. sp.2 com sua espécie irmã, E. sp.1 uma vez que um evento de fusão independente, envolvendo um dos cromossomos homólogos ao Y, foi detectado em E. sp.1. A hibridação in sit&#956; do cromossomo X de E. virescens em sua população mais próxima (também com 38 cromossomos, mas sem cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos) mostrou que o cromossomo X é homólogo a um par de acrocêntricos, condizente com o modelo proposto de diferenciação por acúmulo de heterocromatina. Essa heterocromatina foi caracterizada e mostrou um padrão complexo de seqüências CG-ricas. Dois fragmentos de DNA repetitivo GC-ricos presentes no cromossomo X foram isolados e seqüenciados. Não foram detectadas similaridades em comparações com bases de dados e entre os fragmentos obtidos. Estes mostraram-se concentrados nas regiões cromomicina-positivas de E. virescens, incluindo regiões periteloméricas de sete pares e os dois maiores blocos heterocromáticos (nos cromossomos X e par n. 8), além de um cromossomo acrocêntrico, possivelmente o Y. Curiosamente, essas seqüências foram detectadas em apenas três pares cromossômicos na população mais próxima, incluindo um par acrocêntrico de morfologia semelhante à condição ancestral do X, sugerindo que processos dinâmicos de expansão e homogenização genômica ocorreram após a separação dessas populações / Sex chromosomes have evolved independently several times in all major groups of vertebrates. Highly differentiated sex chromosomes are characterized by extensive differences in morphology and gene content, whereas recombination is restricted to a small homologous region. Recent sex chromosomes are characteristic of fish, and display a high level of homology between X and Y (or Z and W) chromosomes, recombination is restricted only in a small sex determining region. Notably, different sex chromosome systems can be found in closely related groups, such as species or even populations. The genus Eigenmannia comprises a group of morphologically cryptic species that display a variety of diploid numbers and different sex chromosome systems, including XY, ZW and a multiple XY system (with a Y-autosome fusion). These systems are among the most recent known (<16ma) and occur with a lack of phylogenetic pattern, whereas frequently populations bearing heteromorphic sex chromosomes are closest related to populations displaying no sex chromosomes. In the present study, chromosome painting using probes derived from the microdissection of two different sex chromosomes where used to investigate the homology of both systems. Results show that, in fact, they are non-homologous and evolved independently. The Y-autosome hypothesis gained further support from the observation that a chromosome homologous to the Y in a close population is involved in yet a different fusion event. The X chromosome present in the E. virescens karyotype was found to be homologous to acrocentric chromosomes in all populations analyzed, thus supporting the notion that its differentiations is mainly due to the accumulation of heterochromatin. The X heterochromatic block was shown to form a complex pattern of GC-rich sequences, different from what was previously described. Two GC-rich fragments were isolated and sequenced; both showed no similarities to known sequences and to one another. These sequences were shown to be concentrated viii on the two largest heterochromatic blocks, those of the X and n.8 chromosomes besides peri-telomeric regions of seven additional pairs and the putative Y. Curiously, these sequences were detected in only three pairs in the closest population, including an acrocentric pair morphologically similar to undifferentiated sex pair. This suggests that dynamic evolutionary processes of expansion and genomic homogenization have occurred after the separation of these populations.
24

Identificação e mapeamento de famílias de DNA repetitivo em Characidium sp. aff. C. vidali (Teleostei, Characiformes) e sua atuação na evolução dos cromossomos B

Nobile, Maria Lígia Marques de Oliveira January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Fausto Foresti / Resumo: Characidium é um grupo de peixes amplamente distribuídos pela região Neotropical, embora seja considerado o mais especioso dentro de Crenuchidae, do ponto de vista citogenético o número de espécies investigadas ainda é baixo, o que dificulta a caracterização quanto a organização cromossômica do gênero. Em relação ao número diploide, as espécies de Characidium conservaram um cariótipo com 2n = 50 cromossomos, do tipo metacêntricos e submetacêntricos (com exceções), o que resulta em uma macroestrutura homogênea para o grupo. Porém, investigações utilizando sequências repetitivas têm contribuído para ilustrar que a organização microestrutural cromossômica pode diferir entre as espécies, refletindo o hábito destes peixes constituírem populações pequenas e isoladas em cabeceiras de riachos. Adicionalmente, algumas espécies de Characidium também foram descritas portando cromossomos B em seus cariótipos, e a utilização de ferramentas citomoleculares têm contribuído para explorar quanto a origem e evolução destes componentes cariotípicos. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi agregar técnicas citomoleculares com resultados de sequenciamento massivo, para tentar compreender a ocorrência de cromossomos B no genoma de Characidium sp. aff. C. vidali. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que i) o mapeamento físico de diferentes sondas de DNA repetitivo contribuíram não apenas para caracterizar o cariótipo da espécie em estudo, como também adicionaram mais informações quanto a organi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Characidium is a group of fish widely distributed in the Neotropical region, although it is considered the most specious within Crenuchidae, from the cytogenetic point of view the number of species investigated is still low, which makes it difficult to characterize the chromosomal organization of the genus. In relation to the diploid number, Characidium species retained a karyotype with 2n = 50 chromosomes, metacentric and submetacentric (with exceptions), resulting in a homogeneous macrostructure for the group. However, investigations using repetitive sequences have contributed to illustrate that the chromosomal microstructural organization may differ between species, reflecting the habit of these fish constituting small and isolated populations in headwaters of streams. In addition, some species of Characidium have also been described carrying B chromosomes in their karyotypes, and the use of cyto-molecular tools has contributed to explore the origin and evolution of these karyotype components. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to aggregate cyto-molecular techniques with massive sequencing results to try to understand the occurrence of B chromosomes in the genome of Characidium sp. aff. C. vidali. The results showed that i) the physical mapping of different repetitive DNA probes contributed not only to characterize the karyotype of the species under study, but also added more information about the organization and evolution of the chromosomal microstruct... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
25

Mapeamento cromossômico do maracujá-azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims, Passifloraceae)

SADER, Mariela Analía 29 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-27T17:11:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao-2016 Mariela Sader.pdf: 1705519 bytes, checksum: 88403c5afd27ce740e32a563b44b06b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T17:11:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao-2016 Mariela Sader.pdf: 1705519 bytes, checksum: 88403c5afd27ce740e32a563b44b06b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CNPQ / O gênero Passiflora é o maior da família Passifloraceae, sendo formado por aproximadamente 500 espécies. Tem origem na América tropical, apresentando mais de 135 espécies nativas do Brasil. Dentre as principais espécies do gênero, destaca-se o maracujáazedo, Passiflora edulis Sims, em virtude de seu interesse comercial principalmente como planta frutífera. Apesar de avanços no conhecimento genético e genômico, não é possível o reconhecimento de cada um de seus nove pares cromossômicos. Uma estratégia que auxilia na definição do cariótipo é o desenvolvimento de marcadores específicos para cada par cromossômico, que podem ser obtidos a partir da hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) de sequências genômicas clonadas em cromossomos artificiais de bactérias (BACs). No presente trabalho, 27 BACs contendo genes ou regiões gênicas de Passiflora foram utilizados como sondas para a construção de um mapa físico do maracujá-azedo por BAC-FISHintegrando a localização de sequências únicas e repetidas.Destes, 12 clones puderam ser mapeados, permitindo a identificação com marcas únicas de oito dos pares cromossômicos, sendo o par cinco identificado com o DNAr 5S. Além disso, foi demonstrada a distribuição dispersa de retroelementos Ty1-copia, Ty3-gypsy e LINE. Os resultados do presente trabalho corroboram a importância da FISH na caracterização e identificação cromossômicas, tanto com sequências repetitivas quanto com clones com grandes insertos como sonda (BAC-FISH), propiciando o desenvolvimento de marcadores cromossomo-específicos e um mapa citogenético para o maracujá-azedo. / Passiflora is the largest genus of the Passifloraceae family, and includes about 500 species. It originates in tropical America and more than 135 species are native to Brazil. Among the main species of the genus, the sour passion-fruit Passiflora edulis Simsis of great importance because of their commercial interest, primarily as fruitful plant. Despite the advances in genetic and genomicknowledge, it has not been possible to distinguish eachone of his nine chromosome pairs. One strategy that helps karyotype definition is the development of markers specific for each chromosome pair, which can be obtained from fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of cloned genomic sequences in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). In this study, 27 BACs containing genes or gene regions of Passiflora were used as probes to construct a physical map of the sour passion-fruit using BAC-FISH. Subsequently, 12 clones have been mapped allowing the identification of eight chromosome pairs with unique signal, the fifthpair being identified by the 5S rDNA. Furthermore, a dispersed distribution of retrotransposons Ty1-copia, Ty3-gypsy and LINE was demonstrated. The results of this study confirm the importance of FISH in chromosome characterization and identification, using both repetitive sequences and clones with large inserts as probe (BACFISH), promoting the development of chromosome-specific markers and a cytogenetic map for the sour passion-fruit.
26

Evolução de cromossomos sexuais em Eigenmannia virescens (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes) / Evolution of sex chromosomes in the genus Eigenmannia (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)

Frederico Henning 17 December 2007 (has links)
Cromossomos sexuais evoluíram repetidas vezes independentemente nos grandes grupos de vertebrados. Sistemas sexuais altamente diferenciados e antigos são caracterizados por grandes diferenças morfológicas e de conteúdo gênico entre os dois cromossomos homólogos onde a recombinação é restrita a uma pequena região homóloga. Os sistemas recentes característicos de peixes caracterizam-se pela similaridade entre os cromossomos X e Y (ou Z e W), nos quais as diferenças observadas freqüentemente envolvem a presença de heterocromatina, translocações e inversões. A recombinação ocorre entre o par sexual na maior parte de sua extensão, sendo inibida apenas na região diretamente relacionada com a determinação sexual. Notavelmente, sistemas diferentes de determinação podem ser encontrados em espécies, ou mesmo populações. O gênero Eigenmannia compreende grupos de espécies crípticas do ponto de vista morfológico que exibem variação no número cromossômico e podem apresentar sistemas sexuais XY ou ZW, incluindo sistemas múltiplos (com translocação Y-autossomo). Estes sistemas estão entre os mais recentes descritos (<16ma) e estão dispostos de forma desordenada em árvores de relações filogenéticas, sugerindo origens múltiplas. No presente estudo, a técnicas de pintura cromossômica usando sondas obtidas por microdissecção de cromossomos sexuais foram empregadas para testar a homologia de dois sistemas XY encontrados nos citótipos (ou espécies) E. virescens e E. sp.2. Os resultados mostram que, de fato, ambos são não homólogos. A fusão Y-autossomo provavelmente ocorreu após a separação de E. sp.2 com sua espécie irmã, E. sp.1 uma vez que um evento de fusão independente, envolvendo um dos cromossomos homólogos ao Y, foi detectado em E. sp.1. A hibridação in sit&#956; do cromossomo X de E. virescens em sua população mais próxima (também com 38 cromossomos, mas sem cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos) mostrou que o cromossomo X é homólogo a um par de acrocêntricos, condizente com o modelo proposto de diferenciação por acúmulo de heterocromatina. Essa heterocromatina foi caracterizada e mostrou um padrão complexo de seqüências CG-ricas. Dois fragmentos de DNA repetitivo GC-ricos presentes no cromossomo X foram isolados e seqüenciados. Não foram detectadas similaridades em comparações com bases de dados e entre os fragmentos obtidos. Estes mostraram-se concentrados nas regiões cromomicina-positivas de E. virescens, incluindo regiões periteloméricas de sete pares e os dois maiores blocos heterocromáticos (nos cromossomos X e par n. 8), além de um cromossomo acrocêntrico, possivelmente o Y. Curiosamente, essas seqüências foram detectadas em apenas três pares cromossômicos na população mais próxima, incluindo um par acrocêntrico de morfologia semelhante à condição ancestral do X, sugerindo que processos dinâmicos de expansão e homogenização genômica ocorreram após a separação dessas populações / Sex chromosomes have evolved independently several times in all major groups of vertebrates. Highly differentiated sex chromosomes are characterized by extensive differences in morphology and gene content, whereas recombination is restricted to a small homologous region. Recent sex chromosomes are characteristic of fish, and display a high level of homology between X and Y (or Z and W) chromosomes, recombination is restricted only in a small sex determining region. Notably, different sex chromosome systems can be found in closely related groups, such as species or even populations. The genus Eigenmannia comprises a group of morphologically cryptic species that display a variety of diploid numbers and different sex chromosome systems, including XY, ZW and a multiple XY system (with a Y-autosome fusion). These systems are among the most recent known (<16ma) and occur with a lack of phylogenetic pattern, whereas frequently populations bearing heteromorphic sex chromosomes are closest related to populations displaying no sex chromosomes. In the present study, chromosome painting using probes derived from the microdissection of two different sex chromosomes where used to investigate the homology of both systems. Results show that, in fact, they are non-homologous and evolved independently. The Y-autosome hypothesis gained further support from the observation that a chromosome homologous to the Y in a close population is involved in yet a different fusion event. The X chromosome present in the E. virescens karyotype was found to be homologous to acrocentric chromosomes in all populations analyzed, thus supporting the notion that its differentiations is mainly due to the accumulation of heterochromatin. The X heterochromatic block was shown to form a complex pattern of GC-rich sequences, different from what was previously described. Two GC-rich fragments were isolated and sequenced; both showed no similarities to known sequences and to one another. These sequences were shown to be concentrated viii on the two largest heterochromatic blocks, those of the X and n.8 chromosomes besides peri-telomeric regions of seven additional pairs and the putative Y. Curiously, these sequences were detected in only three pairs in the closest population, including an acrocentric pair morphologically similar to undifferentiated sex pair. This suggests that dynamic evolutionary processes of expansion and genomic homogenization have occurred after the separation of these populations.
27

Analysis Of Potential CIS Regulatory Elements In Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Genomes

Raghavan, Sowmya 04 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
28

Sequence and Evolution of Rhesus Monkey Alphoid DNA

Pike, Lee M., Carlisle, Anette, Newell, Chris, Hong, Seung Beom, Musich, Phillip R. 01 June 1986 (has links)
Analysis of rhesus monkey alphoid DNA suggests that it arose by tandem duplication of an ancestral monomer unit followed by independent variation within two adjacent monomers (one becoming more divergent than the other) before their amplification as a dimer unit to produce tandem arrays. The rhesus monkey alphoid DNA is a tandemly repeated, 343-bp dimer; the consensus dimer is over 98% homologous to the alphoid dimers reported for baboon and bonnet monkey, 81% homologous to the African green monkey alpha monomer, and less than 70% homologous to the more divergent human alphoid DNAs. The consensus dimer consists of two wings (I and II, 172 and 171 bp, respectively) that are only 70% homologous to each other, but share seven regions of exact homology. These same regions are highly conserved among the consensus sequences of the other cercopithecid alphoid DNAs. The three alpha-protein binding sites reported for African green monkey alpha DNA by F. Strauss and A. Varshavsky (Cell 37: 889-901, 1984) occur in wings I and II, but with one site altered in wing I. Two cloned dimer segments are 98% homologous to the consensus, each containing 8 single-base-pair differences within the 343-bp segment. Surprisingly, 37% of these differences occur in regions that are evolutionarily conserved in the alphoid consensus sequences, including the alpha-protein binding sites. Sequence variation in this highly repetitive DNA family may produce unique nucleosomal architectures for different members of an alphoid array. These unique architectures may modulate the evolution of these repetitive DNAs and may produce unique centromeric characteristics in primate chromosomes.
29

Rekonstrukce repetitivních elementů DNA / Reconstruction of Repetitive Elements in DNA

Hypský, Jan January 2018 (has links)
Eukaryotic genomes contain a large number of repetitive structures. Their detection and assembly today are the main challenges of bioinformatics. This work includes a classification of repetitive DNA and represents an implementation of a novel de novo assembler focusing on searching and constructing LTR retrotransposons and satellite DNA. Assembler accepts on his input short reads (single or pair-end), obtained from next-generation sequencing machines (NGS). This assembler is based on Overlap Layout Consensus approach.
30

Molecular-cytogenetic analysis of repetitive sequences in genomes of Beta species and hybrids / Molekular-cytogenetische Analyse der repetitiven Sequenzen in Genomen von Beta Arten und Hybriden

Dechyeva, Daryna 19 July 2006 (has links) (PDF)
The elucidation of the composition and organization of genomes of higher plants is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology. The genus Beta containing 14 species assigned to the sections Beta, Corollinae, Nanae and Procumbentes provides a suitable system for the comparative study of the nuclear genomes. Sugar beet Beta vulgaris has a genome size of 758 Mbp DNA with estimated 63 % repetitive sequences and the number of chromosomes n=9. The wild beet Beta procumbens is an important natural pool of resistance against pests and tolerance to unfavorable growth conditions. The subject of this research was the isolation and description of new repetitive DNA families from genomes of this Beta species. This work presents the molecular investigation and cytogenetic characterization by high-resolution multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of the satellite and dispersed repetitive sequences in wild and cultivated beet species and in their hybrids. New repetitive sequences were isolated from the B. procumbens genome. The AluI restriction satellite repeats pAp11 are 229-246 bp long and form subfamilies. The satellite is amplified in the section Procumbentes, but also found in distantly related section Beta. Thus, pAp11 is probably an ancient component of Beta genomes. It could be the ancestor of the satellite subfamily pEV4 in B. vulgaris based on sequence analysis, Southern hybridization and comparative FISH. pAp11 was found at centromeric and a few intercalary sites in B. procumbens and formed intercalary blocks on B. vulgaris chromosomes where it co-localized with pEV4. These remarkable differences in the chromosomal position of pAp11 between Procumbentes and Beta species indicate that both satellites were likely involved in the expansion or rearrangement of the intercalary heterochromatin of B. vulgaris. Other two sequence families characterized on molecular, genomic and chromosomal levels are the non-homologous repeats pAp4 and pAp22, 1354 and 582 bp long. They have a dispersed organization in the genome and are widely scattered along B. procumbens chromosomes. pAp4 and pAp22 are specific for the section Procumbentes and can be used as DNA probes to discriminate parental genomes in interspecific hybrids. High-resolution FISH on meiotic chromosomes showed that the both sequences mostly co-localize. The PCR analysis of their flanking regions revealed that pAp22 is a part of a Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) of an Athila-like env-class retrotransposon. This is the first indication that the retrovirus-like DNA elements exist in Beta. An ancient family of subtelomeric satellite DNA pAv34 was isolated from all four sections of the genus Beta and from spinach, a related Chenopodiaceae. Five clones were analyzed from each of the five species. The genomic organization and species distribution of the satellites were studied by sequencing and Southern hybridization. The repeating units in all families are 344-362 bp long and share 46.2-98.8 % similarity. Each monomer consists of two subunits SU1 and SU2 of 165-184 bp. The maximum likelihood and neighbor joining analyses of the 25 subtelomeric satellite monomers and their subunits indicated, that the duplication leading to the emergence of the 360 bp satellite should have occurred early in the phylogeny. The two directions of diversification are the clustering of satellites in two groups of subunits SU1 and SU2 and the arrangement of satellite repeats in section-specific groups. The comparative chromosomal localization of the telomeric repeat, pAv34 and rDNA was investigated by multicolor FISH. B. vulgaris chromosome termini showed unique physical organization of telomeric repeat and the subtelomeric satellite, as studied by high-resolution FISH on extended DNA fibers. The estimated length of the telomeric array was 0.55 - 62.65 kb, the length of pAv34 was 5.0-125.25 kb, the spacer between these sequences spanned 1.0-16.60 kb. Eight various classes of repeats were used to characterize the minichromosomes of the sugar beet fragment addition lines PRO1 and PAT2 by comparative multi-color FISH. The study allowed to propose a schematic pattern of repetitive DNA organization on the PRO1 and PAT2 minichromosomes. PRO1 has an acrocentric minichromosome, while PAT2 possesses a metacentric or submetacentric chromosome fragment. The functional integrity of the fragment addition line centromeres was confirmed by an immunostaining localization of the proteins specific to the active kinetochore. The serine 10-phosphorylated histone H3 was detected in pericentromeric regions of the PRO1 chromosomes. The microtubuli attachment sites were visualized as parts of kinetochore complexes.

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