Aujourd'hui, l'environnement sonore n'est plus uniquement considéré comme une gène ou une nuisance par notre société, mais comme pouvant être porteur de qualités. La directive européenne 2002/45/CE,relative à la gestion du bruit dans l'environnement demande aux états d'identifier les «zones calmes» en vue de leur préservation et de leur valorisation en raison de la ressource qu'elles constituent. Elle présente les «zones calmes» comme des zones préservées du bruit. Dans ce contexte, les parcs et les jardins apparaissent dans de nombreuses études comme étant plébiscités par les usagers pour la qualité de leur environnement sonore sans que ces qualités ne soient bien identifiées. Si la directive européenne tend à considérer la qualité sonore en fonction d'un seuil de niveau sonore et des seules notions d'agrément ou de désagrément, les différents champs de recherche sur l'environnement sonore, de la psychoacoustique jusqu'aux ambiances,on montré qu'elle relève d'une expérience esthétique plus complexe. L'environnement sonore est chargé de valeurs affectives, sémantiques, fonctionnelles, esthétiques.Nous proposons ici une identification précise des qualités sonores qui semblent propres au parcs et aux jardins urbains en abordant la qualité sonore dans une perspective plus descriptive qu'hédoniste à travers l'étude de l'expérience vécue des usagers dans six parcs et jardins de la région parisienne. Dans un premier temps nous présentons une description des différentes facettes de l'environnement sonore du jardin établie à partir d'observations de terrains, de mesures acoustiques, et d'entretiens réalisés auprès des usagers. L'environnement sonore du jardin est présenté à partir de ses configurations sonores, d'effets perceptifs,des représentations qu'il suscite, ou encore des pratiques qu'il induit ou qui participent à son actualisation. Pour aller au delà des relations entre niveau sonore et agrément, nous proposons dans un second temps de révéler des ponts entre les aspects matériels et immatériels des ambiances sonores. Bien que les ambiances sonores relèvent d'une dimension immatérielle : le son et l'expérience esthétique des usagers, nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'elles peuvent être manipulables par les aménageurs ou faire l'objet de mesures de protection ou de valorisation si elles sont considérées comme des effets de dimensions physiques observables : structures paysagères ou indicateurs acoustiques. Nous abordons ainsi la qualité sonore à travers le prisme de la diversité architecturale et conceptuelle propre à l'art des jardins et nous proposons de comprendre les relations entre les différentes qualités sonore identifiées, les structures paysagères et l'acoustique des jardins. / Nowadays, the sound environment is no longer only considered as potential annoyance, but it is sometimes recognize for the qualities it can bear. The European directive 2002/45/CE, relative to the management of environmental noise, requires the european states to identify «quiet areas» for their preservation and valorization due to the resource they represent. It defines the «quiet areas» as areas preserved from the noise. In this context, numerous studies have shown that in the urban environments the parks and gardens are acclaimed by users for the quality of their soundscape, but those qualities have never been accurately identified. If the European directive seems to consider the sound quality according to a noise level and the ideas of agreement or disagreement, different fields of study on the sound environment, from the psychoacoustic to the atmosphere studies, have shown that the esthetic experience is way more complex. The sound environment is full of emotional values, semantic, functional and aesthetic values.The aim of our work is to accurately identify the sound qualities that seem specific to urban parks and gardens. The sound qualities are understood more from a descriptive than an hedonist point of view, through the study of the experience of users in six differents parks and gardens of the Parisan area. First, it present a description of the different aspects of the sound environment of the garden established from various kind of datas : observations, acoustic measurements, and interviews with users. The sound environment of the garden is presented through sound configurations, perceptual effects, representations it evokes, or through practices. To overcome the relationship between noise level and agreement, this work propose in a second time to highlight links between tangibles and intangibles aspects of the soundscape. Although the soundscape seems to fall within an immaterial dimension : sound and aesthetic experience of the users, we assume that it can be mastered by the designers, the acousticians or the urban planners if it is considered as an effect of material dimensions : landscape structures or acoustic indicators. This work approach the sound quality through the architectural diversity of the garden design. It propose to understand the relationships between the different sound qualities identified, the landscape structures and the acoustic measurments.

La thèse questionne les difficultés de mise en œuvre de la politiquede l'eau et de l'assainissement à Mayotte depuis la fin des années 2000, sur fond de départementalisation. Elle étudie les interactions entre les vulnérabilités sociales,politiques et institutionnelles qui conditionnent les formes de l'action, les avancées et l'efficacité de cette politique sur le territoire mahorais. Sur la base d'une méthodologie de recherche à la fois classique (entretiens et questionnaires) et originale (simulation multi-agents), elle analyse successivement les pratiques et représentations sociales de l'environnement, de l'eau et de l'assainissement à Mayotte ; les fragilités de l'organisation institutionnelle plus générale (Etat et Syndicat des eaux) pour la mise en œuvre de l'action publique et, enfin, les capacités politiques des élus locaux à être les relais territoriaux des exigences normatives régaliennes. Elle met en lumière la résistance de modes d'organisation traditionnels et de certains fondements culturels mahorais face aux changements organisationnels initiés « d'en haut » ainsi que la genèse d'un processus de vulnérabilisation sociale liés aux modalités mêmes de l'action publique. / The thesis highlights the difficulties of implementing the policywater and sanitation in Mayotte since the late 2000s, on the bottom of departmentalization. It studies the interactions between social vulnerabilities, policies, and institutional forms that determine the action, the progress and effectiveness of this policy in Mayotte. Based on a research methodology that is both classic (interviews and questionnaires) and original (multi-agent simulation), it successively analyzes the practices and the social representations of the environment, water and sanitation in Mayotte, the fragility of the broader institutional (State and Union waters) for the implementation of public policy and, finally, the political capacity of local officials to be territorial relay sovereign normative requirements. It highlights the strength of traditional modes of organization and some Mayotte cultural foundations to organizational changes initiated "from above" and the genesis of a process of social vulnerabilization related to the same terms of public policy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dantas_sm_dr_fran.pdf: 4403584 bytes, checksum: 6bd1ce3a3fba5fffec4619921338836f (MD5) / O cerne dessa tese é compreender a constituição do urbano e seu corolário na cidade de Uberabinha, atual Uberlândia, em Minas Gerais, no final do século XIX e primeiras décadas do século XX, tendo como corpus documental as atas da Câmara Municipal e relatórios do Executivo, os periódicos locais, as produções de memorialistas e imagens fotográficas. A emancipação de povoados e arraiais do Triângulo Mineiro significou a possibilidade de autonomia política e a perspectiva de construção de cidades modernas, regidas pelos princípios da civilidade e do progresso. Em Uberabinha, os grupos sociais dominantes lideraram o processo de configuração do espaço urbano com a implementação de serviços e a modernização dos equipamentos e, à medida que a face da cidade se transformava, enunciavam um discurso de convencimento para validar as representações e as práticas que postulavam devessem ser cumpridas. Por meio de estratégias discursivas, políticas, sociais e imagéticas buscaram-se formar cidadãos que se pautassem pelos princípios de civilidade. Fruto de concepções liberais, o projeto de civilização executado construiu uma cidade marcada pelos conflitos entre os diversos grupos sociais que disputavam espaço para expressar suas representações, excluindo outras possibilidades e ocultando contradições que, vez ou outra, vinham à baila, manchando a imagem dominante. Em certa medida, a elite local logrou êxito ao criar um conjunto de práticas que visavam viabilizar seus interesses, presentes nos códigos de postura e regulamentos diversos, nos artigos dos periódicos, na defesa da educação como garantia de civilização. O trinômio modernidade, civilidade e progresso se sustentou de modo ambíguo, incorporando novos componentes e conservando elementos tradicionais para tornar Uberabinha/Uberlândia uma cidade de destaque em meio às demais da região / This study aims at understanding the constitution of the urban aspect and its corollary in the city of Uberabinha, currently called Uberlândia, located in the state of Minas Gerais, at the end of nineteenth century and first decades of twentieth century. The research instruments of this paper include a data corpus which contain the minutes of Uberlândia City Hall, as well as, the reports from the Executive, the local journals, the memorialist productions and the photographic images. The emancipation of villages and small towns of Triângulo Mineiro denoted the possibility of policy autonomy and the perspective of building modern cities based on the principles of civility and progress. Beside this, in Uberabinha, the dominant social groups lead the process of urban space configuration with the implementation of services and the modernization of equipments and, while the city was being changed, the speech that was enunciated illustrated the convincing strategies to validate the representations and the practices they postulated should be done. Considering this point of view, the citizens were formed through discursive, politicals, socials and imagetic strategies, guided by the civility principles. As a result of liberal conceptions, the civilization project executed built one city marked by conflicts among the various social groups that fought for opportunities to express their representations, excluding other possibilities and hiding contradictions that, sometimes, came to light, vilifying the image of dominant people. Somehow, the local elite got success when they created a set practices that aimed at reaching its interests, inserted in the posture codes and various regulations, in journals, in the defense of education as guarantee of civilization. Therefore, the three aspects, modernity, civility and progress supported themselves in an ambiguous way, incorporating new components and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Márcia Regina Capelari Naxara / Banca: Susani Silveira Lemos França / Banca: Denise Aparecida Soares de Moura / Banca: Josianne Francia Cerasoli / Banca: Christina da Silva Roquette Lopreato / Resumo: O cerne dessa tese é compreender a constituição do urbano e seu corolário na cidade de Uberabinha, atual Uberlândia, em Minas Gerais, no final do século XIX e primeiras décadas do século XX, tendo como corpus documental as atas da Câmara Municipal e relatórios do Executivo, os periódicos locais, as produções de memorialistas e imagens fotográficas. A emancipação de povoados e arraiais do Triângulo Mineiro significou a possibilidade de autonomia política e a perspectiva de construção de cidades modernas, regidas pelos princípios da civilidade e do progresso. Em Uberabinha, os grupos sociais dominantes lideraram o processo de configuração do espaço urbano com a implementação de serviços e a modernização dos equipamentos e, à medida que a face da cidade se transformava, enunciavam um discurso de convencimento para validar as representações e as práticas que postulavam devessem ser cumpridas. Por meio de estratégias discursivas, políticas, sociais e imagéticas buscaram-se formar cidadãos que se pautassem pelos princípios de civilidade. Fruto de concepções liberais, o projeto de civilização executado construiu uma cidade marcada pelos conflitos entre os diversos grupos sociais que disputavam espaço para expressar suas representações, excluindo outras possibilidades e ocultando contradições que, vez ou outra, vinham à baila, manchando a imagem dominante. Em certa medida, a elite local logrou êxito ao criar um conjunto de práticas que visavam viabilizar seus interesses, presentes nos códigos de postura e regulamentos diversos, nos artigos dos periódicos, na defesa da educação como garantia de civilização. O trinômio modernidade, civilidade e progresso se sustentou de modo ambíguo, incorporando novos componentes e conservando elementos tradicionais para tornar Uberabinha/Uberlândia uma cidade de destaque em meio às demais da região / Abstract: This study aims at understanding the constitution of the urban aspect and its corollary in the city of Uberabinha, currently called Uberlândia, located in the state of Minas Gerais, at the end of nineteenth century and first decades of twentieth century. The research instruments of this paper include a data corpus which contain the minutes of Uberlândia City Hall, as well as, the reports from the Executive, the local journals, the memorialist productions and the photographic images. The emancipation of villages and small towns of Triângulo Mineiro denoted the possibility of policy autonomy and the perspective of building modern cities based on the principles of civility and progress. Beside this, in Uberabinha, the dominant social groups lead the process of urban space configuration with the implementation of services and the modernization of equipments and, while the city was being changed, the speech that was enunciated illustrated the convincing strategies to validate the representations and the practices they postulated should be done. Considering this point of view, the citizens were formed through discursive, politicals, socials and imagetic strategies, guided by the civility principles. As a result of liberal conceptions, the civilization project executed built one city marked by conflicts among the various social groups that fought for opportunities to express their representations, excluding other possibilities and hiding contradictions that, sometimes, came to light, vilifying the image of dominant people. Somehow, the local elite got success when they created a set practices that aimed at reaching its interests, inserted in the posture codes and various regulations, in journals, in the defense of education as guarantee of civilization. Therefore, the three aspects, modernity, civility and progress supported themselves in an ambiguous way, incorporating new components and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor