All’origine della presente ricerca si pongono sostanzialmente due ragioni fondanti: una estrinseca ed una intrinseca. Da un lato, ha fornito una forte sollecitazione ad intraprendere uno studio ravvicinato sulla dinamica del fascismo repubblicano (1943-1945) in terra bresciana l’individuazione di almeno due fondi archivistici di assoluto rilievo: la sezione di Brescia del Tribunale militare regionale di guerra della Repubblica sociale italiana e la Commissione provinciale di Brescia dell’Alto Commissariato per le sanzioni contro il fascismo. Da un altro lato, la caratura prevalentemente fascista dei fondi archivistici individuati costituiva un forte stimolo intellettuale a mettere in cantiere una ricerca di questo tipo perché offriva la possibilità, non frequente nel panorama storiografico nazionale, di esaminare nel concreto e dall’interno la dinamica di decisivi apparati dello Stato e del partito fascista di cui è per lo più dall’esterno che si sono attuati approcci. Non per questo il punto di vista fascista ha fagocitato la nostra attenzione abbattendo la vigilanza critica e il doveroso vaglio del materiale posto alla base della nostra ricerca. Non si può sottacere, infine, il rilievo della materia posta sotto indagine. Al centro della ricerca messa in cantiere sta, infatti, il territorio bresciano che ha costituito l’epicentro dell’esperienza della Repubblica di Mussolini. Tutto ciò non ha fatto che arricchire il nostro motivo di interesse per uno studio mirato sui luoghi caldi del potere dell’ultimo fascismo. / At the origin of this research there are basically two fundamental reasons: a reason extrinsic and an intrinsic reason. On the one hand, the identification of at least two archives of absolute importance has provided a strong inducement to undertake a close study of the dynamics of the Republican Fascism (1943-1945) in the territory of Brescia. The archives are the Regional Military Tribunal of war the Italian Social Republic of Brescia and the Provincial Committee of Brescia of the Delegation of the High Commissioner for sanctions against fascism. On the other hand, the caliber of the predominantly fascist archives identified was a strong intellectual stimulus to perform a search of this type because it offered the possibility, not frequent in view of national historiography, to examine the internal dynamics of the state and the fascist party, studied mostly from the outside. However the point of view fascist has engulfed our attention and it has not broken the critical vigilance nor the duty to screen the material at the base of our research. Finally, the relief of mail matter under investigation is important because the focus of research is the area of Brescia, which has been the epicenter of the experience of the Republic of Mussolini. This has enriched the source of interest for a study focused on hot spots of the fascism of the last power.

Cette thèse examine le phénomène des camps de concentration ouverts après l’ordonnance n. 5 du Ministre de l’Intérieur de la Repubblica Sociale Italiana (RSI), le 30 novembre 1943, afin de regrouper et interner tous les juifs d’Italie. La recherche vise à analyser la mise en place de ce système concentrationnaire, pour s’interroger sur le rôle joué par ces structures à l’intérieur de la politique antijuive de la Repubblica di Salò et de la déportation des juifs de l’Italie. A partir de la fin du mois de novembre 1943, le nouveau gouvernement républicain fasciste chargea son ministère de l’Intérieur et ses administrations locales d’arrêter et interner les juifs: il décida donc de placer la «question juive» sur un plan administratif, là où il n'avait pas cependant sa pleine souveraineté à cause de l’occupation allemande de l’Italie après l’armistice du 8 septembre 1943. Malgré l’ingérence allemande dans la politique italienne de l’époque, les autorités de Salò eurent une marge d’autonomie et d’initiative en ce qui concerne l’application des dispositions d’internement des juifs. Dans ce contexte, les camps de concentration jouèrent un rôle central: à travers l’analyse de ces structures on peut distinguer les caractéristiques de l'antisémitisme d'État de la RSI et les éléments qui sont en continuité avec la politique antijuive du passé régime fasciste, ainsi que les dynamiques politiques qui déterminèrent la «collaboration» entre les autorités italiennes et les autorités d’occupation allemandes. / The doctoral thesis analyzes the affair of the concentration camps for Jews opened up by the decree n. 5 of 30 November 1943 from the minister of the Interior of the Italian Social Republic, Guido Buffarini Guidi. By this measure the republican government entrusted the peripheral authorities of the ministry of the Interior, prefectures and police headquarters, the task of arresting and interning all the Jews present in Italy. The carrying out of the orders was influenced by the war background of two-year-period 1943-1945: by the German occupation of Italy, which followed the armistice of 8 September, the German authorities kept the RSI under a tight control. Notwithstanding the German interference into the Italian political affairs, the local authorities of Salò seemed to hold on a degree of autonomy and initiative to enforce the anti-Jewish measures decided by the government. In this situation, the concentration camps played a key role and act here below as a magnifier for the study of the “Jewish-question” in the RSI. Through the analysis of these camps the features of the state anti-Semitism of Salò can be recognized, as an extension of that one of the previous fascist regime, as well as the political dynamics that were at the bottom of the “collaboration” between Italian and German authorities can be deepened. As Denis Pechanski notices about the French case, the concentration camps are in this way “the cornerstone of the mechanism of deportation of the Jews”.