The transplantation process establishes a three-phase structure namely, procurement, preservation and allocation of human organs and tissue. These three phases are co-dependent upon the successful completion of each individual phase within that structure. This dissertation focus specifically on the first phase of the transplantation process and endeavours to analyse the doctrine of presumed consent as applied in the procurement of human organs and tissue. Thereafter, the focus point is directed upon organ procurement incentives such as the principle of required response and required request that ensure the effective application of these systems should be interconnected with organ procurement systems. Finally, a capita selecta of issues pertaining to the final two stages of the transplantation process are investigated and proposed problem areas are reflected upon. The doctrine of presumed consent as an organ procurement system proposes that individuals who fail to raise an objection in respect of organ donation during their lifetime, will upon death be presumed that they provided consent to the removal of their organs. This system operates in absolute contrast to the doctrine of informed consent as applied in South African law, establishes that an ommissio to act would constitute an implicit statement of informed consent. The application of the doctrine of presumed consent can be classified as either a hard application or a soft application. A strong application declares that upon death a who failed to raise an objection to organ donation will be considered to given consent to organ procurement and any interference by the next-of-kin are disregarded. The weak application functions in a similar way than the hard application, with the exception that the next-of-kin has the right to override the decision. This dissertation analyses whether the element of consent in the doctrine of presumed consent can be classified as a justification ground as the doctrine of informed consent of whether it infringes upon section 12(2)(b) of the South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996). To establish the true nature of the doctrine of consent, specific reference is made the duty of disclosure that rested upon the health practitioner to inform patients about information about a proposed treatment. Arguments are raised that the nature, scope and accessibility of information about issues relating to organ donation will determine if informed consent is present in the doctrine of presumed consent. The introduction of the doctrine of presumed consent as organ procurement system could provide South Africa with an essential framework to increase organ procurement and awareness about organ donation provided that sufficient information can be accessed in an easy and effective manner. The following concepts are analysed in the dissertation: The doctrine of presumed consent The principle of required response The principle of required request The doctrine of informed consent Organ procurement incentives Routine salvaging Organ procurement systems Organ preservation and safeguarding Organ allocation systems Human Tissue and organs The moment of death / Dissertation (Magister Legum (Public Law))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Public Law / unrestricted

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Studies have concluded that streams emit CO2, which indicates that natural sources of Greenhouse Gases can contribute to climate changefeedback. Why this is of interest is to be able to make reliable climate models. These studies are however debated, since there are differentmethods to measure CO2 evasion from streams which conclude that different hydrological and chemical factors are affecting the gas exchange themost. It is based on an upside-down-placed chamber in the streams, containing a sensor which is able to directly measure the partial pressure ofCO2 (pCO2) in streams. An advantage with this method is that it is built on cheap equipment and therefore can be afforded to cover a bigcatchment with differing hydrological factors. The aim for the thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of this new method by running several statisticalanalyses on the collected data and also by comparing the trend from the statistical results to other methods statistical trends of pCO2. What can beconcluded by this study is that discharge affects the pCO2 in streams and it often appears with a negative correlation. Also, diurnal patterns ofpCO2 seem to appear, with a peak before lunch and minimum levels in the afternoon, which could indicate that pCO2 are dependent onphotosynthesis/respiration and/or temperature. These conclusions are of interest to understand how C acts in freshwater and respond to the climatechange. The study has to be extended with investigation of how more factors affect pCO2 and also some improvement for the method, before itcan be fully used. / Forskning har visat att små skogsbäckar släpper ut CO2 och på så sätt bidrar de till naturliga utsläpp av växthusgaser ochklimatförändringar. Studiernas resultat är dock debatterade då de till att börja med används olika metoder för att dra dessa slutsatser,vilka pekar på både olika kvantiter av CO2 utsläpp och också på olika påverkan från hydrologiska och kemiska faktorer. På grund avdetta har en alldeles ny metod utvecklats. Den grundar sig på en uppochnervänd kammare placerad i vatten som med hjälp av eninbyggd sensor fångar upp och mäter partialtrycket CO2 (pCO2) i vattnet. En fördel är att den är byggd av enkelt material til l lågt pris,vilket gör att metoden kan användas på många platser samtidigt, då man har råd med ett stort antal kammare. Målet för avhandlingenär att utvärdera nyttan av denna nya metod genom att köra flera statistiska analyser på de insamlade uppgifterna och även genom attjämföra utvecklingen från statistiska resultaten till andra metoder statistiska trender av pCO2. Studien kan visa att vattenhastighetenpåverkar pCO2 från bäckarna, och korrelationens struktur är betydande på vattennivån i bäcken. Man kan även dra slutsatser om attdet finns en dygnsrytm i hur CO2 släpps ut från bäckar med högsta utsläpp under förmiddagen och lägsta på eftermiddagen. Dettaskulle kunna bero på att CO2 utsläpp beror på fotosyntes/respiration och/eller temperaturskillnader. Dessa slutsatser är väldigtintressanta för att bygga på kunskapen om hur kolemissioner från sötvatten påverkas av klimatförändringarna. Om man utökar studienmed fler möjliga variabler för att studera hur andra miljöfaktorer påverkas pCO2 och modifiera metoden och datainsamlandet något såkan detta vara en metod värd att fortsätta användas.

This mixed-methods study identified the effective practices of the principal and leadership team in an Improvement-Required (IR) high school that significantly influenced student achievement and guided their school from IR to a rating of Met Standard in one year. IR or F schools under the new system are schools that failed to meet the state accountability target goals. The high school in this study had a large culturally and economically diverse student population with a high percentage of English learners. The leadership practices were identified through four themes revealed by the qualitative data analysis of focus group and individual in-depth interviews: (a) importance of instructional, collaborative leadership, (b) intentional planning of effective instruction for all students, (c) consistent use of data to guide instruction, and (d) ongoing, data based, targeted staff development. The study findings are significant due to strong corroboration between the qualitative data collected from the interviews and the quantitative results from the faculty survey.

Research has shown that older adults who have experienced a previous fall are 60-70% more likely to suffer future falls. A study was conducted to investigate if stress and anxiety associated with a fear of falling contributes to the increased incidents of falls among older adults. The investigation compared physiological parameters, with biomechanical parameters of walking for twenty-eight participants in two age groups: (18-35) and (65 or older). Both age groups were evaluated while walking over dry and slippery floor surfaces. Biomechanical parameters included: step length, required coefficient of friction (RCOF), slip distance, and heel contact velocity. Physiological parameters included: stress and anxiety. Overall, the results indicated that there were differences between older and younger adult's biomechanical parameters of walking, and their physiological stress and anxiety associated with an inadvertent slip. Younger adult's normal RCOF was higher and their normal step length was longer compared to older adults. Older adult's stress level after a slip was significantly higher than younger adults. However, younger and older adult's anxiety scores were not significantly different. Furthermore, younger and older adults modified their step length differently to avoid slipping, when walking over the slippery floor surface. It was concluded that some anxiety and stress may be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of inadvertent slips and falls due to an increased awareness of one's external environment. / Master of Science

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No description available.

<p>This dissertation aimed to study the effects of rationale generation on college students’ autonomous motivation. Specific research questions were: (1) to investigate the relations among rationale generation, motivation, and learning through the lens of SDT; (2) to examine the causal effects of rationale generation on autonomous motivation and learning performance; and (3) to understand students’ perceptions of successful motivation strategies during uninteresting but required academic activity. An explanatory sequential mixed method design was used to answer these questions. </p>

This thesis addresses the possibility of using a delay-on-ground concept in which flights with less than 1 hour flying time (often referred to as pop-up flights) absorb their arrival sequencing delay at the departure gate by being issued their Arrival Manager (AMAN)-scheduled time as a Required Time of Arrival (RTA) that is inserted into the Flight Management System (FMS). Due to their short duration these flights are currently often inserted into the AMAN sequence shortly before Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) entry and thereby often need to absorb their arrival sequencing delay in the inefficient manner of airborne holding or vectoring close to the arrival airport. The literature review examines current operational procedures of AMANs and Departure Managers (DMANs), the current FMS RTA function and live trials in which the delay-on-ground concept was tested in real operations. A case study airport in Europe that has potential to benefit from the concept is identified. The performance of the delay-on-ground concept for the case study airport is then assessed by performing 180 fast-time Monte Carlo simulation runs. For each run the arrival flow to the case study airport and the departure flows from two medium-sized airports from which the pop-up flights originate are simulated. Each run represents an operational day and variations in departure/arrivals time is put into the timetables to simulate the variation in actual departure/arrival times resulting from operational factors normally encountered in day-to-day operations. An algorithm is written in Matlab to simulate an AMAN-DMAN cooperation in which pop-up flights are locked to the required departure times to meet their RTAs. It is shown that a significant reduction in airborne delay time and fuel consumption can be achieved at the case study airport by using the concept. It is also shown that it is possible to ensure that the pop-up flights depart at the required times to meet their RTAs without negatively affecting the departure sequences.

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been increasingly used inconcrete construction. This research focused on the behavior of concrete columnsreinforced with FRP bars, or prestressed with FRP tendons. The methodology was basedthe ultimate strength approach where stress and strain compatibility conditions andmaterial constitutive laws were applied.Axial strength-moment (P-M) interaction relations of reinforced or prestressedconcrete columns with FRP, a linearly-elastic material, were examined. The analyticalresults identified the possibility of premature compression and/or brittle-tension failureoccurring in FRP reinforced and prestressed concrete columns where sudden andexplosive type failures were expected. These failures were related to the rupture of FRPrebars or tendons in compression and/or in tension prior to concrete reaching its ultimatestrain and strength. The study also concluded that brittle-tension failure was more likelyto occur due to the low ultimate tensile strain of FRP bars or tendons as compared to steel.In addition, the failures were more prevalent when long term effects such as creep andshrinkage of concrete, and creep rupture of FRP were considered. Barring FRP failure,concrete columns reinforced with FRP, in some instances, gained significant momentresistance. As expected the strength interaction of slender steel or FRP reinforcedconcrete columns were dependent more on column length rather than material differencesbetween steel and FRP.Current ACI minimum reinforcement ratio for steel (pmin) reinforced concretecolumns may not be adequate for use in FRP reinforced concrete columns. Design aidswere developed in this study to determine the minimum reinforcement ratio (pf,min)required for rectangular reinforced concrete columns by averting brittle-tension failure toa failure controlled by concrete crushing which in nature was a less catastrophic and moregradual type failure. The proposed method using pf,min enabled the analysis of FRPreinforced concrete columns to be carried out in a manner similar to steel reinforcedconcrete columns since similar provisions in ACI 318 were consistently used indeveloping these aids. The design aids produced accurate estimates of pf,min. Whencreep and shrinkage effects of concrete were considered, conservative pf,min values wereobtained in order to preserve an adequate margin of safety due to their unpredictability.