This thesis analyzes the struggle of the last decade to improve the quality of Swedish science and how the methods towards this goal can be understood from different scientific traditions. By studying the latest research proposals by the Swedish government it shows a development towards viewing all the sciences as natural sciences in certain aspects. It argues that the notion of scientific peers being the same for the natural sciences and the human sciences is a problematic assumption, when it comes to evaluating the human sciences through certain quantitative methods. It further argues that whether or not this assumption is true for a certain discipline is essential for the adequacy of these evaluation methods. It also tries to make a first assessment of whether or not the discipline of Swedish economic history is indeed suitable for this kind of evaluation.

While the visual arts and technology development map oppositionally in our culture, there are similarities in work. Visual artists and technology developers imagine, conceptualize, design, and build artifacts and then release them into the world. As part of this work, many artists and technologists develop high levels of conceptualization, technical, and fabrication skill. While artists have always worked with industrial technologies such as paint and pigment chemistry, metalworking equipment, heavy machinery, and kilns, for example, many postindustrial artists are using high technology both as medium and highly-charged cultural material. These artists work with similar materials as technology developers: electronics, computation, robotics, bioengineering materials, and smart materials, for example. Their work often bleeds into technological development as they create new technologies and new interactions with technologies in the course of their projects. This dissertation traces the evolution of the ideas of art and technology from foundations in ancient Greece through the present. There are tensions between technological art, or art that uses high technologies as a medium, and the contemporary art world, as well as between technological art and engineering practice. This dissertation locates technological art along a spectrum between traditional fine art and engineering practice, in a third space of both artistic production and technological R&D. Through examples from my work and the work of others, I surface the dynamics of practice in this third space and how these practices can lead to emergent art and technology.

by Wong Tak-Kwong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-81). / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 3 --- R&D Activities and Competing for a Researcher --- p.12 / Chapter 3.1 --- Licensing Decision of a Successful Innovator --- p.16 / Benefits of Firm i with Licensing / Benefits of Firm j with Licensing / Chapter 3.2 --- Competing for the Researcher --- p.23 / Characterization of Equilibrium / Chapter 3.3 --- Concluding Remark --- p.29 / Chapter 4 --- Innovation from An Independent Researcher --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1 --- Licensing with Bargaining --- p.34 / Licensing Decision of the Researcher / Licensing Decision of Firm i / Licensing Decision of Firm j / Chapter 4.2 --- Ownership Re-allocation --- p.44 / Chapter 4.3 --- Concluding Remark --- p.48 / Chapter 5 --- An Analysis of Sequential Innovation --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1 --- Choices of Licensing and Conducting R&D --- p.55 / Decision of the Follower / Licensing by the Successful Innovator / Chapter 5.2 --- Equilibrium of Sequential R&D --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3 --- Simultaneous R&D or Sequential R&D --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4 --- Concluding Remark --- p.74 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.75 / Chapter 7 --- Bibliography --- p.76

This thesis is concerned with an investigation into current on-farm grain storage practice and with ascertaining what educational interventions, if any, are appropriate for future and more detailed consideration. The Australian grain growing, handling, and marketing industry has changed in recent times. A few years ago (1989), the grain growers only essential contact with grain marketing was through the bulk handling authorities and the Australian Wheat Board. Advice was freely available from state departments of agriculture, and the only requirement to store grain on-farm was that necessary for the grower's own needs. Now (1994), there is a possible advantage that grain stored on-farm may be used for a wide range of selling options, amongst other reasons, and market requirements are much more complex and stringent. There is a substantial body of research on grain storage techniques. At the same time there is a significant gap between researched knowledge and the use of this knowledge for on-farm storage. A major purpose of this study is to identify an improved approach to extension and farmer education that may help to reduce this gap. This thesis contains a review of the general literature on extension followed by an overview of extension in the developed world to establish the international context for Australia. Then the historical context of extension is examined briefly to understand the current situation in each state. Some educational models are reviewed to identify relationships between stakeholders and the opportunities available for and constraints to development of educational strategies. Information channels are reviewed to comprehend extension interaction and grain storage technologies are reviewed to ensure comprehension of techniques. On the basis of the literature review a field study was designed to investigate current on-farm storage practice, current extension sources for storage information and preferences for future educational interventions. This was done by a survey using a stratified random sample of grain growers and cluster selection of individuals for personal interviews. This information was complemented by informal discussion with farmers at field days. The results of the study confirmed the gap between research knowledge and on-farm implementation of this knowledge. They also demonstrated that grain growers wanted more information and gave some indicators of how this might be achieved. Major findings of the research included the need for extension coalitions and the desirability for active involvement of the grain grower. Major conclusions, for on-farm storage and extension, are drawn to form a basis for development of future extension interventions. These are aimed at ensuring grain growers have available the information needed for good storage practice. This includes an essential understanding the grain growers' needs and perceptions, early, in any planning process. It also includes the necessity for coordination of extension/education activities at local, regional and national levels. The research has some major implications for an improved approach to extension and on-farm storage. These include the establishment of a farmers-as-researcher program to implement grain storage innovations and the recognition that implemented change will need long term maintenance; often more resource intensive than the original intervention.

This is a study of teacher professional development at the school level using teacher research as a strategy for both teacher professional learning and school change. A qualitative study was conducted to determine the conditions that would develop and sustain teachers researching their own practice in a culture of inquiry. Participant observation in one school over a two year period was used to investigate the issue of how to embed teacher research as a central feature of teachers� work. As a result of working with teachers as they researched their practice I have developed a model to explain and understand the complexities of schools and their cultures. Teachers researching their practice provided the driving force in the interplay of the elements of the model and had the potential to change school culture. Relationships, structures and processes are central to this model. Social and professional relationships between the teachers and the university partner developed and were supported by structures and processes. As the research continued these relationships changed and evolved. These relationships help develop a culture of inquiry in schools. The school/university partnership in this study evolved from an initial symbiotic�cooperative partnership (in which I shared my expertise and supported the work of teachers) into a later organic�collaborative partnership (one based on mutual and shared goals and benefits). The existing team of four teachers and the allocation of time for them to meet provided the essential structures for the teachers to research their practice. The collective leadership style instigated by the school Principal provided important human and financial support for the development of inquiry cultures. Collaboration and collegiality as forms of association enabled teachers to conduct research which challenged their individual and collective beliefs and assumptions about students� learning and their classroom practice. The content and form of teacher culture mediated the effects of teachers researching their practice. There are critical and transformational effects when teachers research their practice as part of their core work. Introducing these teachers to research was not without its difficulties. There were events and factors in the school relating to relationships, structures and processes which hindered the development of teacher research in a culture of inquiry. Because of the time frame of this study there is no evidence that school culture change is permanent. This could be the subject of future research.

<p>Background: Tougher demands from regulators on drugs efficiency and safety,governmental cost cutting and more complex areas of research, has led to that the importance of the pharmaceutical industry’s research pipelines are increasing. Even though the capital markets views on the pharmaceutical industry and its valuation is changing, the authors is not aware of any prior research that has been conducted on the topic of how the market reacts to clinical trial results or how security analysts valuates product pipelines.</p><p>Aim: This thesis aims to explain how security analysts valuate research pipelines and analyze whether the publication of clinical trial results significantly affects the pricing of multinational pharmaceutical companies.</p><p>Methodology: Three econometric models using an aggregate daily data sample of 27 years for five of the world’s largest pharmaceutical firms distinguish the price effects related to the publication of clinical trial results. Three interviews with security analysts map how security analysts value pharmaceutical research.</p><p>Results: Security analysts’ uses a combination of DCF and relative valuation when analyzing pharmaceutical firms. All interviewed analysts uses a risk adjusted net present value approach which is closely linked to the DCF approach, however, financial theory suggests that pipelines should be valuated with contingent claim models Analysts recognize that all compounds in Phase III and some Phase II projects has a impact on firm value. Clinical trials have a significant short-term impact on firm value. Phase III projects shows significant share price influence whilst early stage clinical trials do not, which shows that analysts are correct in focusing their valuation to later stage clinical trials. However, not all areas of therapy have a significant impact on firm value. Oncology is the only area of therapy where successes raises firm value, whilst failures in oncology and cardiovascular/gastrointestinal significantly lower firm value. Negative news about the research portfolio also tends to have a larger impact than positive news.</p>

The general argument of this dissertation focuses on the relationship and interplay between institutions, both private and public, the innovation process, and growth. The first essay focuses on institutional quality, inequality and growth. The results show that bad institutional quality widens income inequality and reduces the per-capita output growth rate. Moreover, bad institutional quality increases inequality in consumption level between unskilled and skilled workers. With a full information environment, it is proven that in this case the economy has lower wage inequality, lower relative consumption level inequality, lower fiscal burden on consumers, and benefits from a higher per-capita output growth rate. The second adopts an international approach, and the institutions are represented as trade costs between countries. The results show that a more globalized world spurs human capital accumulation, widens skill premium, can reduce the per capita output growth rate of each region, increases the consumption level for each consumer. By allowing for mobile skilled labor force and for specialization in R&D activity, each country is active in manufacturing, vertical and horizontal R&D. Therefore, in the case of specialization, the country with the larger domestic market has a higher human capital accumulation, a higher skill premium, and a higher per capita mass of product lines. The third essay analyzes the long run growth implications of the presence of information acquisition and transmission costs. We assume that vertical innovation requires researchers to be informed on the current version of the product they want to improve upon; and we also assume that quasi-fixed managerial inputs are required for production in the manufacturing sector. The presence of these costs is sufficient to rule out the strong scale effect at all levels of the intertemporal returns to ideas. More importantly, the upper bound of long run growth rates crucially depends on information transmission costs. In the last essay we investigate the long run growth effects of intellectual misappropriation at the R&D level. The main results are: 1) the fraction of labor engaged in spying activities tends to be constant; 2) in economies where the R&D process is more vulnerable to ideas theft, growth rates are lower but product differentiation will be more intense; 3) intellectual misappropriation neutralizes the positive growth effect of R&D subsidies but not their positive level effects. / Le sujet gènéral de la thèse concerne les relations entre institutions, tant publiques que privées, l'innovation et la croissance economique. Le premiere chapitre considére la qualité instituionelle, l'inegalité et la croissance. Les résultats demonstrent que la carence de la qualité des institutions publique augmente l'inegalité du revenu et diminue le taux de croissance du produit par personne. En outre, la carence de la qualité institutionelle augmente l'inegalité aux niveaux de consommation par personne entre travailleurs spécialisés et non spécialisés. Enfine, considerant une economie avec pleine information, en demontre que l'economie jouit d'inegalité inferieure au revenu, d'un taux de croissance supérieure au produit par personne, d'un inegalité inférieure aux niveaux de consommation par personne et d'une pression fiscale inférieure. Le deuxième chapitre adopte une approche institutionelle. Dans ce cas les institutions sont representées par les coûts commerciaux entre pays. Les resultats démonstrent qu'une économie davantage globalisée stimulate l'accumulation de capitale humain, augmente l'inegalité du revenu, peut réduire le tux de croissance du produit par personne. En outre en suppesant que les travailleurs spécialisé puissent migrer, et qu'il existe une spécialisation dans le R&D, chaque pays reste actif dans la production manufacturiére, et dans le R&D verticale et horizontale. On demontre donc que, dans le cas d'une spécialisation R&D, le pays avec le marché interne plus ample a une accumulation de capital humain supérieure, une difference de salaire supérieure et produit une varieté de bien supérieure. Le troisiéme chapitre analyse les imnplication de long terme sur le taux de croissance du produit par personnedues à la presénce de coûts pour l'acquisition et la transmission d'informations. On admet que l'information verticale demande à chaque chercheur d'être infomé des versions les plus récents du bien que l'on vent améliorer. En outre on admet l'existence de coûts quasi-fixes concernant la direction d'entreprise pour la production manufacturière. La presence de tel coûts est suffisante pour eliminer l'important effet d'échelle indépendemment des revenu d'échelle dans le processus innovatif vertical. Enfin on demontre l'existence d'une limite supérieure a la croissance du produit par personne le quel depend de façon cruciale des prix d'acquisition et e la transmission des informations. Dans le dernier chapitre on cherche les implications de long terme pour le taux de croissance du produit par personne dues à ddes phénomènes d'expropriation intellectuelle dans la R&D. Les principaux resultats sont: 1) la proportion d'espion tend à être constante; 2) les economie plus susceptibles au ‘vol intellectuelle' dans le processus de R&D ont un taux de croissance du produit par personne inférieure mais une varieté des produits supérieure; 3) l'expropriation intellectuelle annule l'effet positif des subsides à la R&D sur le taux de croissance du produit par personne mais non l'effet positif sur le niveau du produit par personne.

Background: Tougher demands from regulators on drugs efficiency and safety,governmental cost cutting and more complex areas of research, has led to that the importance of the pharmaceutical industry’s research pipelines are increasing. Even though the capital markets views on the pharmaceutical industry and its valuation is changing, the authors is not aware of any prior research that has been conducted on the topic of how the market reacts to clinical trial results or how security analysts valuates product pipelines. Aim: This thesis aims to explain how security analysts valuate research pipelines and analyze whether the publication of clinical trial results significantly affects the pricing of multinational pharmaceutical companies. Methodology: Three econometric models using an aggregate daily data sample of 27 years for five of the world’s largest pharmaceutical firms distinguish the price effects related to the publication of clinical trial results. Three interviews with security analysts map how security analysts value pharmaceutical research. Results: Security analysts’ uses a combination of DCF and relative valuation when analyzing pharmaceutical firms. All interviewed analysts uses a risk adjusted net present value approach which is closely linked to the DCF approach, however, financial theory suggests that pipelines should be valuated with contingent claim models Analysts recognize that all compounds in Phase III and some Phase II projects has a impact on firm value. Clinical trials have a significant short-term impact on firm value. Phase III projects shows significant share price influence whilst early stage clinical trials do not, which shows that analysts are correct in focusing their valuation to later stage clinical trials. However, not all areas of therapy have a significant impact on firm value. Oncology is the only area of therapy where successes raises firm value, whilst failures in oncology and cardiovascular/gastrointestinal significantly lower firm value. Negative news about the research portfolio also tends to have a larger impact than positive news.

Both advertising and research and development (R&D) can be viewed as two factors crucial to long-term corporate growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the advertising, R&D and interaction between advertising and R&D on shareholder value concerning economic scale and industry concentration. The empirical results show R&D investments may generate innovative products which enhance shareholder value. Moreover, the interaction between advertising and R&D is significantly and positively related to shareholder value. In practice, advertising plays a role to build brand awareness for innovative products. Additionally, we examine how economic scale and industry concentration influence the effects of advertising and R&D on shareholder value individually. With the respect to economic scale, advertising and R&D strategies may increase shareholder value more significantly for firms with high economic scale (large firms). The synergy between advertising and R&D is only significant and positive for firms with low economic scale (small firms). This implies that small firms should invest in advertising to build brand awareness and promote new products while large firms have already developed brand awareness, so the large firms should specialize in core competences. Firms in competitive industry rely more on successful advertising campaigns to increase sales. Moreover, economic scale and industry concentration significantly moderate the effectiveness of advertising and R&D. Under the limited firm sources, managers should decide the appropriate mix of advertising and R&D to maximize shareholder value significantly according to economic scale and industry concentration.

This research paper explores the impact of Government Procurement Law on the activities of Research and Development in Taiwan. The Empirical Study focus on the Technological Research Projects. After collecting relevant literature regarding R&D in foreign countries, this study conducted an in-depth interview to derive a questionnaire. Later, based on a questionnaire mailed to 46 officials in Taiwan area, of which 37 replies were received (a 80.44 percent response rate). The study proposed a comprehensive and innovative program on establishing the R&D management in Taiwan.