Thesis (M. P. H.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 89-94) Also available in print.

Background There is a need for high quality research to improve perioperative patient care in Africa. The aim of this study was to understand the particular barriers to clinical research in this environment. Methods Electronic survey of African Surgical Outcomes Study (ASOS) investigators, including 29 quantitative Likert scale questions and eight qualitative questions with subsequent thematic analysis. Protocol compliant and non-compliant countries were compared according to the WHO statistics for research and development, health workforce data and world internet statistics. Results Responses were received from 134/418 invited researchers in 24/25 (96%) participating countries, and three non-participating countries. Barriers included the lack of a dedicated research team (47.7%), reliable internet access (32.6%), staff skilled in research (31.8%) and team commitment (23.8%). Protocol compliant countries had significantly more physicians per 1000 population (4 vs 0.9 p<0.01), internet penetration (38% vs 28% p=0.01) and published clinical trials (1461 vs 208 p<0.01) compared to non-compliant countries. Facilitators of research included establishing a research culture (86.9%), simple data collection tools (80%) and ASOS team interaction (77.9%). Most participants are interested in future research (93.8%). Qualitative data reiterated human resource, financial resource, and regulatory barriers. However, the desire to contribute to an African collaboration producing relevant data to improve patient outcomes, was expressed strongly by the ASOS investigators. Conclusions: Barriers to successful participation in ASOS related to resource limitations and not the motivation of clinician investigators. Practical solutions to individual barriers may increase the success of multi-centre perioperative research in Africa.

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-312).

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Not embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 69-71.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duquesne University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-251) and index.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-61).

Objetivos. Evaluar la frecuencia de publicación y sus factores asociados en docentes universitarios de investigación científica de escuelas de Medicina del Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Se incluyó a todos los docentes universitarios de los cursos de investigación de las 32 escuelas de medicina del Perú en el año 2011. La búsqueda de publicaciones se realizó mediante Google Scholar, SCOPUS y Medline. Se calculó las razones de prevalencias crudas y ajustadas (RPa) con intervalos de confianza al 95% mediante regresión de Poisson simple y múltiple con varianza robusta. Resultados. De los 201 docentes universitarios, 43,8% nunca ha publicado un artículo en una revista, 26,9% publicó un artículo original en una revista indizada en Medline y 16,4% lo hizo en los últimos dos años. Solo 3,0% han sido autores corresponsales en alguna revista indizada no peruana. Los factores asociados con haber publicado un artículo original en Medline durante los dos últimos años es ser menor de 40 años de edad (RPa: 2,97; IC 95%:1,21-7,32), ser profesor en una universidad donde se requiere tesis obligatoria para graduarse (RPa: 8,84; IC 95%: 2,60-30,12) y trabajar para una universidad altamente productiva (RPa: 3,24; IC 95%: 1,03-10,20). Conclusiones. La frecuencia de publicación de los docentes en investigación de las escuelas de medicina del Perú es baja. Los docentes universitarios jóvenes y los que trabajan para universidades científicamente productivas presentaron más probabilidades de publicar en una revista indizada en Medline. / Objectives. To evaluate the frequency of publication and its associated factors by professors of scientific research in medical schools in Peru. Materials and methods. This was a cross-sectional study. We included all teachers of research courses from the 32 medical schools in Peru in 2011. The publication search was conducted using Google Scholar, Scopus and Medline. Both the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were calculated with confidence intervals at 95% using simple and multiple Poisson regression with robust variance. Results. Of the 201 university teachers, 43.8% had never published an article in a journal, 26.9% had an original article published in a journal indexed in Medline and 16.4% did so in the past two years. Only 3% had been corresponding authors in non-Peruvian, indexed journals Factors associated with having an original article published in Medline in the past two years were: being under 40 years of age (aPR 2.97, 95% CI: 1.21-7.32), being a professor at a university where a final thesis is required for graduation (aPR 8.84, 95% CI: 2.60-30.12) and working for a highly productive university (aPR 3.24, 95% CI: 1.03-10.20). Conclusions. The frequency of publication of research faculty in medical schools in Peru is low. Young university teachers and those working at scientifically productive universities were more likely to publish in an indexed journal.

The present study investigates the problems of conducting psychological research from the experiential perspective of the Native subject and the Native consumer of research. / The Cree of Northern Quebec, who have a long history of independence and a strong central government, have ejected several psychologists from their lands. From the analysis of the psychological research conducted among the Cree it was concluded that ejections generally followed incidents of perceived disrespect for local authority systems. This analysis seemed to show that flexibility and a personal approach were considered by the Native subjects as important assets for a researcher. Other positive attributes included relevance of the research, Native origin of the researcher, and the use of information sessions after the research was concluded. Negative attributes included ethnocentrism of the researcher, the free expression of anger, demands for self-disclosure, question-asking, overpublication of results, over-identification with the host group, and ignorance of Cree history and culture. The situation for counsellors was found to have many similarities to the situation for researchers. / To investigate the problem directly, a quasi-experiment was conducted with a group of James Bay Cree subjects, and their reaction to the research experience was polled after the experiment. It was found that the subjects often enjoyed the research. Personality tests were accepted in varying degrees, and certain Native values were affected in varying degrees. / Subjects in a positive-feedback treatment group rated the experiment poorer in social responsibility and honesty than did subjects in a mixed positive-and-negative feedback group. The vast majority of subjects felt the study would have been better if it had been conducted by a Cree, and three subjects stated that the study should not have been conducted at all. / From both the literature and the experimental study, the following sources of reactivity were recognized: inflexible protocol, ethnocentrism, expression of anger, requests for self-disclosure, excessive amounts of testing, question-asking, over-publishing of results, the use of deception, over-identification with the hosts, ignorance of Native history, differential treatment, and lack of redeeming social value. Aspects of psychological research considered positive by the Native subjects included: a personal approach, relevance, Native origin of the research, affiliation with a local person, advanced age of researcher, use of intrinsically valuable or at least entertaining instruments, ability of the researcher to read subtle messages, and use of information-sharing sessions. The key to conducting non-reactive research is to respect local authority. Respect can be shown by obtaining permission to enter the area, to access a subject pool, to conduct the research, and to publish the results. If permission is refused, that decision must be respected.

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