Demographic and migration characteristics of riberenos , the largest population group in the Amazon Basin, have been neglected by scholars until recently. This thesis explores the determinants and consequences of migration in the Pacaya-Samina National Reserve (PSNR), northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Our findings suggest that migration reduces the rate of population growth and alters household composition. Logit and probit models show that migration in the area is determined by individual characteristics (i.e., education level of migrants and sibling structure), household factors (i.e., family age-sex composition, kingroup size, age of male head of household, education level of male and female heads of household, illness experience, initial extraction skills, initial non-land assets, and livelihood activity reliance), and community features (land endowments and the presence of a secondary school). Multiple regressions (OLS) further reveal that the household age-sex composition and migration characteristics influence resource use. Migration features seem to be more positively associated with agricultural production and resource extraction, and negatively related with fish production. This research improves our understanding of traditional people in the PSNR area.

Uno de los principales impedimentos en la aplicación exitosa de estrategias de manejo de recursos a nivel comunal, tanto en Perú como en otros lugares de la Amazonía, es la falta de conocimiento sobre la microeconomía de la extracción forestal en las familias campesinas. En este documento se presentan los resultados de un estudio basado en una encuesta sobre extracción de recursos forestales en los hogares campesinos de la Reserva Nacional Pacaya-Samiria. El objetivo principal fue establecer si la extracción forestal obedece a presiones del mercado y en qué medida éste ha modificado las costumbres ancestrales de explotación del trópico húmedo. One of the primary impediments to successful implementation of community-based resource management schemes in Peru and elsewhere in Amazonia is a pervasive lack of understanding of the microeconomics of traditional rainforest extraction by peasant households. In this paper we present the results of a study based on a recent survey data on resourse extraction by forest peasant households in Peru’s largest protected area, the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve. The main objective was to establish wether or not the forest extraction obeys to market needs and to what extend this condition has affected the traditional ways of rainforest exploitation.

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Traditional peoples are often described as "stewards of agricultural diversity", yet little research has been conducted on the determinants of agrodiversity. This thesis focuses on agrodiversity and how peasant farmers build and maintain cultivated plant diversity in home gardens found in three distinct traditional communities along the Maranon river in the Peruvian Amazon---an upland mixed agricultural village, a lowland agricultural village, and a lowland fishing village. Data were gathered through household surveys (n = 192) and in-depth interviews (n = 112). Substantial variation in cultivated plant diversity was found among and within villages. Residents with the highest home garden agrodiversity tend to be among the wealthier households, and are more likely to have both established their own garden, and tended it for longer periods. Complex planting material exchange networks underlie the establishment and maintenance of home garden agrodiversity. The results underscore the importance of studying local variations in agricultural diversity, and exchange networks that bring agricultural planting stock to peasant farmers.

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Esta tesis desarrolla una evaluación crítica teniendo como base los antecedentes de las investigaciones de los trabajos arqueológicos realizados en la amazonia. Enfatiza los principales problemas de carácter geográfico-cultural, la cronología, el tamaño de los asentamientos y la falta de interpretación social de los datos, para iniciar luego las investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio El Zapotal, ubicado entre las cuencas de los ríos Marañón y Ucayali, hoy Reserva Nacional del Pacaya-Samiria en Loreto-Perú. Nos proponemos como objetivos, dar cuenta de: a) La ubicación espacio-temporal del sitio, b) El tamaño del asentamiento y c) La interpretación social de los artefactos encontrados en contextos funerarios. Para ello utilizamos la teoría que estamos llamando “Arqueología Viva”, así interpretamos la presencia de ánforas funerarias vinculadas al concepto sobre la muerte, la presencia de cráneos deformados culturalmente con el problema de identidad del grupo social y en base a la presencia de los artefactos llamados “Shibinantis” por los nativos, el ritual de la circuncisión de las niñas, como rito de pasaje para convertirse en mujeres aptas para el matrimonio, en una gran ceremonia festiva llamada “Anishati”. PALABRAS CLAVES: Evaluación critica, Arqueología Amazónica, El Zapotal, Cronología, Tamaño, Arqueología Viva, La identidad, La muerte y Ritos de pasaje. / This thesis develops a critical evaluation based on the background of the investigations of the archaeological works carried out in the Amazon. It emphasizes the main geographic-cultural problems, the chronology, the size of the settlements and the lack of social interpretation of the data, to initiate the archaeological investigations at the El Zapotal site, located between the basins of the Marañón and Ucayali Rivers, today National Reserve of Pacaya-Samiria in Loreto-Peru. 10 We propose as objectives let to know: a) The space-time location of the site, b) The size of the settlement and c) The social interpretation of artifacts found in funerary contexts. For this we use the theory that we are calling "Living Archeology". In this way we interpret the presence of funerary amphorae linked to the concept of death, the presence of culturally deformed skull with the problem of the identity of the social group and based on the presence of the artifacts called "Shibinantis" by the natives, the ritual of the circumcision of the girls, as the rite of the passage to become women suitable for marriage, and in a great festive ceremony called "Anishati". KEY WORDS: Critical evaluation, Amazonian Archeology, El Zapotal, Chronology, Size, Living Archeology, Identity, Death and Rites of passage.