Arbetet innefattar en undersökning kring vattenreservoarer där magasinsvolymer och konstruktionslösningar utreds samt analyseras. I nuläget saknas tydliga riktlinjer för hur reservoarer i mindre samhällen ska utformas och dimensioneras för att säkerställa vattenkvalitén och uppnå en säker vattenförsörjning. Målet och syftet med arbetet är att ta fram en magasinsvolym, identifiera viktiga aspekter att ta hänsyn till vid utformning av en reservoar samt presentera fördelar med och behovet av en vattenreservoar utifrån förbrukningsvariationer. Arbetet avgränsas till Lammhults förutsättningar där intervjuer, observationer, litteraturstudier, analyser och beräkningar ligger till grund för teori och resultat. Resultatet påvisar bland annat svårigheter i att analysera förbrukningsvariationer, vikten av lokal korrekt statistik och ifrågasättande av befintligt dimensioneringssätt för magasinsvolym. Arbetet kartlägger delvis vissa problemområden men vidare studier krävs för att fastställa lösningar inom områdena. Genom detta kan tydliga riktlinjer för att dimensionera och utforma en reservoar tas fram. / The essay contains an assessment of water reservoirs, where an examination and analysis of storage volumes and construction solutions are carried out. Today there are no clear guidelines for how reservoirs in smaller communities should be designed and dimensioned to ensure water quality and guarantee a safe water supply. The goal and purpose of the essay is to calculate a storage volume, identify important aspects to consider in designing a reservoir, and present advantages with and the need of a water reservoir based on consumption variations. The assessment is limited to Lammhults’s conditions where interviews, observations, literature studies, analyses and calculations serve as a foundation for the theory and the result. The result demonstrates, among other things, difficulties, difficulties in analyzing consumption variations, the importance of local correct statistics and questioning of existing methods of dimensioning a storage volume. The essay partially some problem areas, but further studies are required to find solutions in the sector and straight guidelines regarding dimensions and design of reservoirs.

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With the rapid somatic growth and development in infants, simultaneous accurate measurements of lung volume and airway function are essential. Raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) is widely used to generate forced expiration from an airway opening pressure of 30 cmH2O (V30). The (dynamic) functional residual capacity (FRCdyn) remains the lung volume most routinely measured. The aim of this study was to develop comprehensive integrated spirometry that included all subdivisions of lung volume at V30 or total lung capacity (TLC30). Measurements were performed on 17 healthy infants aged 8.6-119.7 weeks. A commercial system for multiple-breath nitrogen washout (MBNW) to measure lung volumes and a custom made system to perform RTC were used in unison. A refined automated raised volume RTC and the following two novel single maneuvers with dual volume measurements were performed from V30 during a brief post-hyperventilation apneic pause: (1) the passive expiratory flow was integrated to produce the inspiratory capacity (IC) and the static (passive) FRC (FRCst) was estimated by initiating MBNW after end-passive expiration; (2) RTC was initiated late during passive expiration, flow was integrated to produce the slow vital capacity (jSVC) and the residual volume (RV) was measured by initiating MBNW after end-expiration while the jacket (j) was inflated. Intrasubject FRCdyn and FRCst measurements overlapped (p = 0.6420) but neither did with the RV (p < 0.0001). Means (95% confidence interval) of FRCdyn, IC, FRCst, jSVC, RV, forced vital capacity and tidal volume were 21.2 (19.7-22.7), 36.7 (33.0-40.4), 21.2 (19.6-22.8), 40.7 (37.2-44.2), 18.1 (16.6-19.7), 40.7 (37.1-44.2) and 10.2 (9.6-10.7) ml/kg, respectively. Static lung volumes and capacities at V30 and variables from the best forced expiratory flow-volume curve were dependent on age, body length and weight. In conclusion, we developed a comprehensive physiologically integrated approach for in-depth investigation of lung function at V30 in infants.