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ces. This report falls under Task 3 of the project by documenting and testing the basin-wide model constructed using WEAP software. The documentation of the model addresses all of the inputs for demands and supplies for the river. The model is also set up to include operating polices of the different countries and how they each allocate water to their demands. The supplies in the model include tributary inflows, as well as reservoir and groundwater storage. This report is the first of many testing phases. The two items that were evaluated here, by comparing them against historical records, were the reservoir storage volumes and the streamflow for six IBWC gages. This testing demonstrated that the model has the right logic and flow pattern, however adjustments need to be made to the reservoir releases in order to fully represent the existing system. / Contract number: N62271-97-G-0073. / US Navy (USN) author.

The number of dams and reservoirs in the world is at an all-time high, with global increases expected as water shortages, populations and needs for electricity grow. Despite this high number of existent and planned reservoirs, the archaeological sites submerged in reservoirs have been largely ignored saving predevelopment, project-specific archaeological salvage campaigns. The overlooking of submerged archaeological features derives from ideas that sites in reservoirs are destroyed: a notion that continues to permeate discussions surrounding archaeological features in reservoir flood zones. Heritage legislation, at both the domestic and international level, continues to neglect the pressing issue of monitoring the condition of submerged archaeology. This dissertation analyses the domestic heritage legislation of three specific countries (Britain, the USA and Egypt) and heritage legislation at the international level. Effects of submergence on diverse archaeological features from those countries are also taken into account via the data collected from varying types of archaeological investigation: the desk-based assessment, underwater archaeological fieldwork, and non-intrusive terrestrial fieldwork. Analysis of current legal structures suggests that mechanisms with which to monitor sites and provide mitigating measures would be simple to implement and maintain. Data collected through underwater archaeological fieldwork in Britain and terrestrial archaeological fieldwork in the USA suggests that not all types of archaeological sites are at risk of destruction due to submergence, leading to a classification of vulnerable features, determined on the basis of location in the reservoir and construction materials and methods. Mitigating and monitoring measures of these vulnerable feature classifications can be used in future reservoir planning and archaeological conservation efforts, when combined with changes to regional and domestic heritage policy. Final conclusions focus on the need to classify archaeology in reservoirs as "submerged landscapes", an already recognized underwater archaeological category, thereby helping to grant the long-needed protection, awareness and monitoring these features need throughout their duration in situ.

Knowledge of reservoir porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure is essential to exploration and production of hydrocarbons. Although porosity can be interpreted fairly accurately from well logs, permeability and capillary pressure must be measured from core. Estimating permeability and capillary pressure from well logs would be valuable where cores are unavailable. This study is to correlate permeability with porosity to predict permeability and capillary pressures. Relationships between permeability to porosity can be complicated by diagenetic processes like compaction, cementation, dissolution, and occurrence of clay minerals. These diagenetic alterations can reduce total porosity, and more importantly, reduce effective porosity available for fluid flow. To better predict permeability, effective porosity needs to be estimated. A general equation is proposed to estimate effective porosity. Permeability is predicted from effective porosity by empirical and theoretical equations. A new capillary pressure model is proposed. It is based on previous study, and largely empirical. It is tested with over 200 samples covering a wide range of lithology (clean sandstone, shaly sandstone, and carbonates dominated by intergranular pores). Parameters in this model include: interfacial tension, contact angle, shape factor, porosity, permeability, irreducible water saturation, and displacement pressure. These parameters can be measured from routine core analysis, estimated from well log, and assumed. An empirical equation is proposed to calculate displacement pressure from porosity and permeability. The new capillary-pressure model is applied to evaluate sealing capacity of seals, calculate transition zone thickness and saturation above free water level in reservoirs. Good results are achieved through integration of well log data, production data, core, and geological concepts.

The Statfjord Formation, reaching a maximum thickness of 1,000 ft in the Brent Field area, comprises a highly heterolithic alluvial sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone succession (the Eriksson and Raude Member). The uppermost Statfjord Formation is, however, made up of a thin succession of medium-coarse grained shallow marine sandstones (Nansen Member). Analysis of material from 11 cored wells, and wireline log suites from a further 61 non-cored wells has revealed a distinct pattern of "sequence" development which is present throughout the Statfjord Formation of the Brent Field. A sparsely preserved fossil assemblage (pollen spores etc. ) has precluded biostratigraphic correlation of the main Statfjord Formation fluvial suite. Furthermore, the positions of lithostratigraphic markers (e. g. the base of the Nansen Member) within a sedimentary succession frequently reflect variations in the spatial development of facies, rather than chronostratigraphically equivalent events. Thus, if derived from purely lithostratigraphically driven correlation, the reservoir geologists' perception of parameters essential for flow unit designation prior to field simulation studies (e. g. sandbody connectivity), are often poorly constrained. Palaeosols are abundant within the fluvial Statfjord Formation succession, where they can be readily recognised in core. The palaeosol development is controlled by parent material, climate, biological factor, topography and time. The Statfjord Formation palaeosols are classified into five groups in terms of soil maturity. Understanding of wireline log (i. e. GR, Sonic and CNL) responses of different palaeosols allows identification of the Statfjord Formation palaeosols in non-cored wells. Whole rock geochemical analyses reveal variations between different types of Statfjord Formation palaeosols, however it is difficult to distinguish the five groups of palaeosols purely on the basis of chemical compositional variations because the palaeosols were complicated by mixed parent material. This study has also resulted in subdivision and correlation of the fluvial Statfjord Formation reservoir in the Brent Field into a series of reservoir units which are identified on the basis of their petrophysical and geochemical characteristics. Reservoir units are sequences which have distinctive geochemical compositions, and are recognisable on the basis of their petrophysical log response using a "Formation Lithology Factor" (FLF, defined by this study) based upon variations in sonic and compensated neutron log responses. Variations in geochemical composition are interpreted as reflecting varying amounts of sediment input from different provenances. Variations in FLF for both sandstone and mudstone lithotypes can be used to define reservoir units. This simple and novel technique may be applied to other sandstone suites in understanding reservoir connectivity and flow unit definition. High resolution reservoir correlation using palaeosols has allowed the interpretation of reservoir sandstone interconnectivity within the Statfjord Formation. The successful application of the pedofacies model (Bown and Kraus, 1987) and pedofacies sequences (Kraus, 1987) identified in the Statfjord Formation of the Brent Field has proved that they can be applied to a wide rane of fluvial deposits. In summary, this study has applied a multidisciplinary approach to the problem of correlation using palaeosols as potential indicators of "channel proximity" within a floodbasin. Using these, together with petrophysical, chemostratigraphic, heavy mineral data and field production data has allowed an integrated novel approach to be used in the interpretation of reservoir sandstone interconnectedness.

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Palaeosol development is controlled by topography, drainage, substrate, climate and time. The types and maturities of soil developing within fluvial systems are also controlled by avulsion and terracing. Soil forming models relate variations in pedogenic maturity and morphology to these processes. The pedofacies model and pedofacies sequences apply to lateral and vertical packages deposited under aggradational conditions while the chronosequence model applies across floodplain terraces. The Upper Triassic, Upper Petrified Forest Member, Arizona contains fluvial channel sandstones encased in thick mudstones. Differences in palaeosol development were produced by variations in sedimentation rate, terracing and drainage conditions. The pedofacies and chronosequence models apply to these palaeosols. The Owl Rock member was deposited in lacustrine and lacustrine margin environments. Soil forming models were not recognised here because pedogenic horizons were subject to intense burrowing and reworking by advancing lacustrine margins. Continued basin subsidence and decreasing sediment supply caused the change in depositional environments between the two Members. The Upper Silurian, Old Red Sandstone, Dyfed comprises thick fluvial deposits and numerous stacked palaeosols. Fluvial architecture and palaeosol development was controlled by avulsion, phases of erosion and influxes of volcanic ash. Channel morphologies were broad and sheet-like. Soil morphology and structure reveals complex cycles of varying aggradation and erosion within the sediments. Palaeosols contain variations in maturity consistent with the pedofacies relationship and pedofacies sequences. Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Lunde and Statfjord Formations, Snorre Field, North Sea comprise fluvial channels which change from isolated ribbons encased in thick mudstones to laterally extensive channels and palaeosol development decreases from moderate to poor. Regional changes in climate and basin configuration controlled the evolution of the fluvial regime and patterns of pedogenic maturity were not apparent.

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