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In this thesis project, a building in Vegagatan 12, Gävle has been analysed. The main objective has been to find why it consumes more energy than it was expected and to solve theoretically the problems.This building is a low energy building certified by Miljöbyggnad which should use less than 55kWh/m2 year and nowadays it is using 62.23 kWh/m2. In order to find why the building is using more energy than the expected several different things has been measured and analyzed.First of all, the heat exchanger of the ventilation unit has been theoretically examined to see if it works as it should and it does. This has been done using the definition of the heat exchangers.Secondly, the heating system has been analysed by measuring the internal temperature of the building and high temperatures have been found (around 22°C) in the apartments and in the corridors. This leads to 5-10% more use of energy per degree.Thirdly, the position and the necessity of all the heaters have been checked. One of the heaters may not make sense, at least in the way the building has been constructed. This leads to bigger heating needs than the expected.Fourthly, the taps and shower heads have been checked to see if they were efficient. Efficient taps and shower heads, reduce the hot water use up to 40%. The result of this analysis has been that all taps and shower heads are efficient.Fifthly, the hot water system has been studied and some heat losses have been found because the lack of insulation of several pipes. Because of this fact 8.37kWh/m2 are lost per year. This analysis has been carried out with the help of an infra red camera and a TA SCOPE.Sixthly, the theoretical and real U values of the different walls have been obtained and compared (concrete and brick walls). As a conclusion, the concrete wall has been well constructed but, the brick wall has not been well constructed. Because of this fact 1 kWh/m2 of heat are lost every year. Apart from that, windows and thermal bridges have also been checked.

O setor da construção civil é o maior e o que mais consome recursos em qualquer economia, considerando todas as suas fases, desde a fabricação de materiais até a ocupação e demolição. No Brasil, os edifícios são responsáveis por cerca de 50% do consumo de eletricidade e por 21% do consumo de água. Na cidade de São Paulo, a maior do país, o mercado imobiliário residencial é o principal mercado da construção e, por consequência, responsável por impactos socioambientais compatíveis. Desde 2007, ferramentas de certificação Green Building (internacionais e nacionais) ganharam força no mercado brasileiro, com destaque para os empreendimentos comerciais e de serviços. A partir de 2010, foram criados sistemas de avaliação voltados exclusivamente ao setor residencial, que ainda pouco explora o conceito de sustentabilidade nos projetos e canteiros de obra. Com base em um estudo detalhado do mercado da construção civil e das ferramentas de avaliação e normas técnicas brasileiras, foi possível definir 29 requisitos de sustentabilidade para a concepção e o desenvolvimento de projetos residenciais multifamiliares na cidade de São Paulo. Os requisitos (qualitativos) se desdobram em critérios (quantitativos) e devem servir de ferramenta para incorporadores e projetistas (com ênfase no arquiteto), durante a concepção e o desenvolvimento do projeto, incluindo a escolha do terreno e a especificação de materiais e sistemas. Abrangendo temas importantes como conectividade urbana, áreas verdes, uso racional de água, eficiência energética, materiais de menor impacto ambiental, gestão de resíduos, conforto ambiental e acessibilidade, os requisitos e critérios, uma vez adotados em projetos, resultarão em melhor desempenho econômico, ambiental e social do edifício ao longo de toda a sua vida útil, reduzindo as emissões de CO2, os custos operacionais e a exploração de recursos naturais, além de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos usuários. Entretanto, esta deve ser entendida como uma abordagem inicial, visto que ainda há muito a se pensar quando o assunto é sustentabilidade na habitação e a participação de todas as partes interessadas nesse processo de mudança (governo, incorporadores, construtores, projetistas, fabricantes de materiais e equipamentos, pesquisadores, consultores e consumidores) é de fundamental importância. / The civil construction sector is the biggest resources consumer in any economy, considering all phases, from the material fabrication to the occupation and demolition. In Brazil, buildings are responsible for 50% of electricity consumption and 21% of water consumption. In São Paulo city, the largest in the country, the residential property market is the main construction market and, therefore, responsible for compatible social-environmental impacts. Since 2007, Green Building certifications (international and national) became relevant in Brazilian market with highlights for commercial and service enterprises. In 2010, some evaluation systems were created exclusively for the residential sector, which is still less explored in terms of sustainability during design phase and construction sites. Based on detailed study of the civil construction market, evaluation tools and Brazilian technical Standards, it was possible to define 29 sustainability requirements for the conception and development of multifamily residential projects in São Paulo city. The requirements (qualitative) were translated into criteria (quantitative) and shall be used as a tool for developers and designers (with emphasis on the architect) during the conception and project development, including site selection and material and systems specifications. Covering very important issues such as urban connectivity, green areas, water efficiency, energy efficiency, materials with less environmental impact, waste management, environmental comfort and accessibility, the requirements and criteria, once applied in projects, will result in a better economic, environmental and social performance of the buildings throughout its lifetime, decreasing the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, operational cost and natural resource exploration and also improving the user´s life quality. However, this should be understood as an initial approach, since there it still plenty to be thought when it comes to sustainability in dwellings and the participation of all stakeholders in this process of change (government, developers, builders, designers, materials and equipment manufacturers, researchers, consultant and consumers) is extremely important.

O setor da construção civil é o maior e o que mais consome recursos em qualquer economia, considerando todas as suas fases, desde a fabricação de materiais até a ocupação e demolição. No Brasil, os edifícios são responsáveis por cerca de 50% do consumo de eletricidade e por 21% do consumo de água. Na cidade de São Paulo, a maior do país, o mercado imobiliário residencial é o principal mercado da construção e, por consequência, responsável por impactos socioambientais compatíveis. Desde 2007, ferramentas de certificação Green Building (internacionais e nacionais) ganharam força no mercado brasileiro, com destaque para os empreendimentos comerciais e de serviços. A partir de 2010, foram criados sistemas de avaliação voltados exclusivamente ao setor residencial, que ainda pouco explora o conceito de sustentabilidade nos projetos e canteiros de obra. Com base em um estudo detalhado do mercado da construção civil e das ferramentas de avaliação e normas técnicas brasileiras, foi possível definir 29 requisitos de sustentabilidade para a concepção e o desenvolvimento de projetos residenciais multifamiliares na cidade de São Paulo. Os requisitos (qualitativos) se desdobram em critérios (quantitativos) e devem servir de ferramenta para incorporadores e projetistas (com ênfase no arquiteto), durante a concepção e o desenvolvimento do projeto, incluindo a escolha do terreno e a especificação de materiais e sistemas. Abrangendo temas importantes como conectividade urbana, áreas verdes, uso racional de água, eficiência energética, materiais de menor impacto ambiental, gestão de resíduos, conforto ambiental e acessibilidade, os requisitos e critérios, uma vez adotados em projetos, resultarão em melhor desempenho econômico, ambiental e social do edifício ao longo de toda a sua vida útil, reduzindo as emissões de CO2, os custos operacionais e a exploração de recursos naturais, além de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos usuários. Entretanto, esta deve ser entendida como uma abordagem inicial, visto que ainda há muito a se pensar quando o assunto é sustentabilidade na habitação e a participação de todas as partes interessadas nesse processo de mudança (governo, incorporadores, construtores, projetistas, fabricantes de materiais e equipamentos, pesquisadores, consultores e consumidores) é de fundamental importância. / The civil construction sector is the biggest resources consumer in any economy, considering all phases, from the material fabrication to the occupation and demolition. In Brazil, buildings are responsible for 50% of electricity consumption and 21% of water consumption. In São Paulo city, the largest in the country, the residential property market is the main construction market and, therefore, responsible for compatible social-environmental impacts. Since 2007, Green Building certifications (international and national) became relevant in Brazilian market with highlights for commercial and service enterprises. In 2010, some evaluation systems were created exclusively for the residential sector, which is still less explored in terms of sustainability during design phase and construction sites. Based on detailed study of the civil construction market, evaluation tools and Brazilian technical Standards, it was possible to define 29 sustainability requirements for the conception and development of multifamily residential projects in São Paulo city. The requirements (qualitative) were translated into criteria (quantitative) and shall be used as a tool for developers and designers (with emphasis on the architect) during the conception and project development, including site selection and material and systems specifications. Covering very important issues such as urban connectivity, green areas, water efficiency, energy efficiency, materials with less environmental impact, waste management, environmental comfort and accessibility, the requirements and criteria, once applied in projects, will result in a better economic, environmental and social performance of the buildings throughout its lifetime, decreasing the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, operational cost and natural resource exploration and also improving the user´s life quality. However, this should be understood as an initial approach, since there it still plenty to be thought when it comes to sustainability in dwellings and the participation of all stakeholders in this process of change (government, developers, builders, designers, materials and equipment manufacturers, researchers, consultant and consumers) is extremely important.

The consulting firm Atkins has developed a tool to help constructers plan urban areas but the tool is lacking data about embodied carbon in Sweden. The embodied carbon is the total carbon dioxide equivalents that are emitted from the material used in constructing a residential building as well as the energy used at the construction site and during demolition. In this thesis, the embodied carbon for a concrete framed building and a wooden framed building is calculated and presented. The mapping of embodied carbon for the two different framed buildings is done with a life cycle assessment perspective. In order to structure the studied system, the life cycle of the buildings is divided into three stages. The first stage includes data and calculations about the extraction and manufacturing of the most common building materials as well as the transportation to construction site. Stage 2 presents information about theon-site construction which includes, among other things, use of machines for constructing a residential building. In the third stage, data regarding demolition and end of life management are presented and calculated. All these three stages are added and a value for total embodied carbon for concrete framed residential buildings and wooden framed ones is presented in the result. The final result shows that the studied concrete framed residential building contains more embodied carbon than the wooden framed one. Further, stage 1 represents the largest part of embodied carbon, 87% for the concrete frame and 84% for the wooden frame, and stage 2 represents a very small part for both types of buildings, 1% for the concrete frame and 2% for the wooden fame.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of windows and building envelope materials on the thermal performance of residential buildings, for the climatic conditions of Ankara. The effects of the thermal mass of the building envelope, together with the effects of glazing type and shading conditions of south-facing windows on thermal performance were investigated using two computer-based thermal analysis programs called: ECOTECT 5.0 and ENERGY-10. The hypothetical building model used for computer simulations was based on the sample residential building defined in the Turkish Standards on the Regulations for Building Insulation, TSE 825, as prepared by the T&uuml / rk Standartlari Enstit&uuml / s&uuml / (TSE, Turkish Standards Institute). Simulation studies were first conducted with ECOTECT 5.0, but since the results did not conform to earlier researches and, since this discrepancy could not be explained even by the support forum prepared by the authors of this software, it was decided to continue the simulations with ENERGY-10, which proved to be more consistent. The results of 240 program runs of ENERGY- 10 were explained through graphical and statistical analysis on the basis of annual heating, cooling, and total energy needs of the building model. The study showed that building envelope materials having high thermal storage capacities together with high-performance glazing, in terms of increased thermal resistance, provided significant energy savings, which could be augmented by increasing the size of south-facing windows. The study also revealed that shading devices in the form of fixed overhangs applied to a south-facing window of any size did not provide substantial reductions in the energy demands of residential buildings, when annual total energy demands were considered for the climatic conditions of Ankara.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / DPhil / Unrestricted