Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValdeliceRS.pdf: 981957 bytes, checksum: cedb4f2ae440069c889ba97e29744a20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-11 / The natural gas (NG) is a clean energy source and found in the underground of porous rocks, associated or not to oil. Its basic composition includes methane, ethane, propane and other components, like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and water. H2S is one of the natural pollutants of the natural gas. It is considered critical concerning corrosion. Its presence depends on origin, as well as of the process used in the gas treatment. It can cause problems in the tubing materials and final applications of the NG. The Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo sets out that the maximum concentration of H2S in the natural gas, originally national or imported, commercialized in Brazil must contain 10 -15 mg/cm3. In the Processing Units of Natural Gas, there are used different methods in the removal of H2S, for instance, adsorption towers filled with activated coal, zeolites and sulfatreat (solid, dry, granular and based on iron oxide). In this work, ion exchange resins were used as adsorbing materials. The resins were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and sweeping electronic microscopy. The adsorption tests were performed in a system linked to a gas-powered chromatograph. The present H2S in the exit of this system was monitored by a photometrical detector of pulsing flame. The electronic microscopy analyzes showed that the topography and morphology of the resins favor the adsorption process. Some characteristics were found such as, macro behavior, particles of variable sizes, spherical geometries, without the visualization of any pores in the surface. The infrared specters presented the main frequencies of vibration associated to the functional group of the amines and polymeric matrixes. When the resins are compared with sulfatreat, under the same experimental conditions, they showed a similar performance in retention times and adsorption capacities, making them competitive ones for the desulphurization process of the natural gas / O g?s natural (GN) ? uma fonte de energia limpa encontrada no subsolo de rochas porosas, associado ou n?o ao petr?leo. Sua composi??o b?sica inclui metano, etano, propano e outros componentes, como di?xido de carbono, nitrog?nio, ?cido sulf?drico e ?gua. H2S ? um dos poluentes naturais do g?s natural. ? considerado cr?tico no que se refere ? corros?o. Sua presen?a depende da origem, bem como do processo usado no tratamento do g?s. Ele pode acarretar problemas nas tubula??es e aplica??es finais do GN. A Ag?ncia Nacional de Petr?leo estabelece que a concentra??o m?xima de H2S no g?s natural, de origem nacional ou importado, comercializado no Brasil contenha no m?ximo 10 15 mg/m3. Nas Unidades de Processamento do G?s Natutal, diferentes m?todos s?o usados na remo??o de H2S, por exemplo, em torres de adsor??o recheadas com carv?o ativo, ze?litas e Sulfatreat (s?lido, seco, granular e baseado em ?xido de ferro). Neste trabalho, resinas de troca-i?nica foram usadas como material adsorvente. As resinas foram caracterizadas por an?lise termogravim?trica, espectroscopia de infravermelho e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Os ensaios de adsor??o foram realizados em um sistema acoplado a um cromat?grafo a g?s. O H2S presente na sa?da do sistema foi monitorado por um detector fotom?trico de chama pulsante. As an?lises de microscopia eletr?nica demonstraram que a topografia e morfologia das resinas favorecem o processo de adsor??o. Caracter?sticas como comportamento macro, part?culas de tamanhos variados, geometrias esf?ricas, sem a visualiza??o de poros na superf?cie, foram encontrados. Os espectros de infravermelho apresentaram as principais freq??ncias de vibra??o associadas aos grupos funcionais das aminas e matrizes polim?ricas. Quando comparadas ao sulfatreat, sob as mesmas condi??es experimentais, as resinas demonstraram semelhante desempenho em tempos de reten??o e capacidade de adsor??o, tornando-se competitiva para o processo de dessulfuriza??o do g?s natural

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValdeliceRS.pdf: 629576 bytes, checksum: 6bcf4a0b805ce82618289068cfb23b77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-11 / The natural gas (NG) is a clean energy source and found in the underground of porous rocks, associated or not to oil. Its basic composition includes methane, ethane, propane and other components, like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and water. H2S is one of the natural pollutants of the natural gas. It is considered critical concerning corrosion. Its presence depends on origin, as well as of the process used in the gas treatment. It can cause problems in the tubing materials and final applications of the NG. The Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo sets out that the maximum concentration of H2S in the natural gas, originally national or imported, commercialized in Brazil must contain 10 -15 mg/cm3. In the Processing Units of Natural Gas, there are used different methods in the removal of H2S, for instance, adsorption towers filled with activated coal, zeolites and sulfatreat (solid, dry, granular and based on iron oxide). In this work, ion exchange resins were used as adsorbing materials. The resins were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and sweeping electronic microscopy. The adsorption tests were performed in a system linked to a gas-powered chromatograph. The present H2S in the exit of this system was monitored by a photometrical detector of pulsing flame. The electronic microscopy analyzes showed that the topography and morphology of the resins favor the adsorption process. Some characteristics were found such as, macro behavior, particles of variable sizes, spherical geometries, without the visualization of any pores in the surface. The infrared specters presented the main frequencies of vibration associated to the functional group of the amines and polymeric matrixes. When the resins are compared with sulfatreat, under the same experimental conditions, they showed a similar performance in retention times and adsorption capacities, making them competitive ones for the desulphurization process of the natural gas / O g?s natural (GN) ? uma fonte de energia limpa encontrada no subsolo de rochas porosas, associado ou n?o ao petr?leo. Sua composi??o b?sica inclui metano, etano, propano e outros componentes, como di?xido de carbono, nitrog?nio, ?cido sulf?drico e ?gua. H2S ? um dos poluentes naturais do g?s natural. ? considerado cr?tico no que se refere ? corros?o. Sua presen?a depende da origem, bem como do processo usado no tratamento do g?s. Ele pode acarretar problemas nas tubula??es e aplica??es finais do GN. A Ag?ncia Nacional de Petr?leo estabelece que a concentra??o m?xima de H2S no g?s natural, de origem nacional ou importado, comercializado no Brasil contenha no m?ximo 10 15 mg/m3. Nas Unidades de Processamento do G?s Natutal, diferentes m?todos s?o usados na remo??o de H2S, por exemplo, em torres de adsor??o recheadas com carv?o ativo, ze?litas e Sulfatreat (s?lido, seco, granular e baseado em ?xido de ferro). Neste trabalho, resinas de troca-i?nica foram usadas como material adsorvente. As resinas foram caracterizadas por an?lise termogravim?trica, espectroscopia de infravermelho e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Os ensaios de adsor??o foram realizados em um sistema acoplado a um cromat?grafo a g?s. O H2S presente na sa?da do sistema foi monitorado por um detector fotom?trico de chama pulsante. As an?lises de microscopia eletr?nica demonstraram que a topografia e morfologia das resinas favorecem o processo de adsor??o. Caracter?sticas como comportamento macro, part?culas de tamanhos variados, geometrias esf?ricas, sem a visualiza??o de poros na superf?cie, foram encontrados. Os espectros de infravermelho apresentaram as principais freq??ncias de vibra??o associadas aos grupos funcionais das aminas e matrizes polim?ricas. Quando comparadas ao sulfatreat, sob as mesmas condi??es experimentais, as resinas demonstraram semelhante desempenho em tempos de reten??o e capacidade de adsor??o, tornando-se competitiva para o processo de dessulfuriza??o do g?s natural

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreaLF.pdf: 804797 bytes, checksum: e48b62b20831c2372981d6edcc8e4608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-21 / The city of Natal comprises an area of about 170 km? (65,63 squares miles). The Dunas-Barreiras Aquifer is the most important reservoir of the coastal basin of RN. It is being responsible for the water supplying of about 70% of the population, however, due to the sewage disposal system by cesspools and drains, it is presently affected in a great extent by nitrates contamination. Thus, the present work proposes to research the utilization of contaminated water by nitrates of this fountainhead and find cost of the potable water through the ionic exchange technology. This technology consists in the removal of mineral salts by the exchange of cations for one ion of hydrogen (H+), through the passage of water by cationic resin bed and, secondly, by the exchange of the anions for hydroxyl ions (OH-) through a anionic resin bed. The obtained results have showed the waters derived from fountains, big water holes and shallow wells were microbiologically contaminated, while the waters derived from deep wells (above 70 m 76,58 yards) were free of contamination. Thus, only these ones are suitable to the use of ionic technology. The experiments were conducted with the resin IMAC-HP-555 such as kinetic, thermodynamic, and adsorption by fixed bed studies, being obtained several project variables for the experimental column, as follow: work temperature of 25oC; resin maximum capacity maximum e mean of adsorption ==0,01692 g NO3-1/g R e 0,0110 g NO3-1/g R, respectively. On the experimental column were performed breakthrough tests which pointed for an average ideal average speed of work of 13.2 m / h, with an average efficiency of 45% of adsorption, an optimal concentration of NaCl desorption of 8%, and an ideal desorption time of 80 minutes for the equilibrium conditions of water from the Dunas-Barreiras aquifer. Scale projection for ion-exchange column for denitrification, for these variables, using a computer modeling programme, to project the column of ion exchange ROREX-420/2000, obtained a cost for the drinking water denitrified by this system of R$ 0,16 / m3 / A cidade de Natal-RN abrange uma ?rea de aproximadamente 170 km2. O aq??fero Dunas-Barreiras, mais importante reservat?rio da bacia costeira do RN, abastece cerca de 70% da cidade. Devido ? aus?ncia de sistema de saneamento municipal e a cidade ter adotado forma de disposi??o de esgotos atrav?s de fossas e sumidouros, este aq??fero apresenta-se, em grande parte, contaminado por nitratos. O trabalho em quest?o se prop?e a pesquisar o aproveitamento da ?gua contaminada desse manancial, assim como estimar o custo da ?gua pot?vel atrav?s da tecnologia de troca i?nica. O estudo da qualidade das ?guas do aq??fero Dunas-Barreiras mostrou que, as ?guas provenientes de fontes, cacimbas e po?os rasos apresentaram-se contaminadas microbiologicamente, enquanto as ?guas provenientes de po?os profundos (superior a 70 m) apresentaram-se isentas, sendo ent?o somente essas adequadas para aproveitamento pela tecnologia de troca i?nica. Foram realizados v?rios experimentos cin?tico, termodin?mico, utilizando (resina IMAC-HP-555) o m?todo da imers?o em volume finito e din?micos da adsor??o por troca i?nica usando-se uma coluna. A partir destes resultados foi projetada uma coluna piloto onde se usou uma resina ani?nica, operando no ciclo cloreto, para remo??o seletiva de nitrato. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma temperatura de trabalho de 25oC, velocidade m?dia ideal de trabalho de 13,6 m/h, capacidade de adsor??o m?xima e m?dia da resina =0,01692 g NO3-1/g R e 0,0110 g NO3-1/g R, respectivamente, concentra??o ideal de dessor??o do NaCl de 8% e tempo ideal de dessor??o de 80 minutos para as condi??es de equil?brio da ?gua do aq??fero Dunas-Barreiras. Experi?ncia de proje??o de aumento de escala realizada para sistema de coluna de troca i?nica para desnitrifica??o, com as vari?veis determinadas, adotou-se um programa de modelagem computacional para projetos de coluna de troca i?nica, ROREX-420/2000, onde se obteve um custo da ?gua pot?vel desnitrificada de R$ 0,16/m3. Para um volume de ?gua pot?vel produzido igual a 2.100 m3/ ciclo de opera??o foi obtida uma efici?ncia m?dia de remo??o de nitratos de 45%