Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-21T16:58:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fabianna Ferreira dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 2021838 bytes, checksum: b3bb0be06a5e24c873bd447f07705f2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-22T10:22:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fabianna Ferreira dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 2021838 bytes, checksum: b3bb0be06a5e24c873bd447f07705f2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T10:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fabianna Ferreira dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 2021838 bytes, checksum: b3bb0be06a5e24c873bd447f07705f2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-31 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Upland rice is grown without irrigation and the availability of water is totally dependent on the occurrence of rainfall. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differential expression of genes previously identified as responsive in drought conditions in upland rice genotypes grown under controlled irrigation and water restriction conditions. Two water treatments were applied, irrigation during the whole experiment and the water restriction, where irrigation was suspended for five days from the beginning of the reproductive stage (R2 / R3), with subsequent replacement of 50% of evapotranspirated water by irrigated plants at the base of the column for 10 days, followed by adequate irrigation until the end of the plant cycle. At the end of the crop cycle, evaluations of the production components (number of full grains, number of empty grains and mass of 100 grains) and yield were performed. Productivity estimates of 24 genotypes ranged from 44 to 170 g column-1 in the irrigated treatment and from 4 to 86 g column-1 in the water deficiency condition. The genotypes Três Meses Branco, BRS Esmeralda, BRSGO Serra Dourada, Casca Branca, BRSMG Curinga, Bico Ganga and Rabo de Burro were among the most productive genotypes both in irrigated condition and in water deficiency condition. Of the 24 genotypes used in the experiment described above, 12 contrasting yields in water treatments were characterized for differential expression for two target genes. One gene integrates the antioxidative defense system (Superoxide dismutase cofactor Manganese - MnSOD) and the other is a glycosyltransferase that promotes the glycosylation of an anthocyanin molecule (anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase). ANOVA based on the gene expression data revealed genotypes, water treatments and collection time in the gene expression (p≤0.05). The MnSOD gene presented the highest level of expression in all genotypes in the condition of greatest water restriction (five days without irrigation), with higher levels of expression in the less productive genotypes under stress conditions. On the other hand, the glycosyltransferase gene presented a considerably reduced expression in the most critical condition of the stress, without clear indicative of differentiation among the most productive genotypes during stress. The two genes evaluated were clearly responsive (p≤0.05) to the most severe water stress, but did not explain the differences between the genotypes grouped in the productivity estimates with and without dry stress. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that, due to the complexity in the processes adaptive to drought, each genotype uses different mechanisms of molecular responses, and it is not possible to differentiate them only through the genes evaluated in this study. / O arroz de terras altas é cultivado sem irrigação e a disponibilidade de água é totalmente dependente da ocorrência de chuva. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar em genótipos de arroz de terras altas cultivados em condições controladas de irrigação e restrição hídrica a expressão diferencial de genes previamente identificados como responsivos em condições de seca. Foram aplicados dois tratamentos hídricos, o irrigado durante todo experimento e o de restrição hídrica, onde a irrigação foi suspensa por cinco dias a partir do início do estádio reprodutivo (R2/R3), com subsequente reposição de 50 % da água evapotranspirada pelas plantas irrigadas na base da coluna por 10 dias, seguido por irrigação adequada até o final do ciclo da planta. Ao término do ciclo da cultura foram realizadas as avaliações dos componentes de produção (número de grãos cheios, número de grãos vazios e massa de 100 grãos) e da produtividade. As estimativas de produtividade dos 24 genótipos variaram de 44 a 170 g coluna-1 no tratamento irrigado e de 4 a 86 g coluna- 1 na condição de deficiência hídrica. Os genótipos Três Meses Branco, BRS Esmeralda, BRSGO Serra Dourada, Casca Branca, BRSMG Curinga, Bico Ganga e Rabo de Burro figuraram dentre os mais produtivos tanto em condição irrigada quanto em condição de deficiência hídrica. Dos 24 genótipos utilizados no experimento descrito acima, 12 contrastantes quanto à produtividade nos tratamentos hídricos foram caracterizados quanto à expressão diferencial para dois genes-alvo. Um gene integra o sistema de defesa antioxidativo (Superóxido dismutase cofator Manganês – MnSOD) e o outro é uma glicosiltransferase que promove a glicosilação de uma molécula de antocianina (anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase). A ANOVA realizada a partir dos dados de expressão gênica revelou efeito dos genótipos, tratamentos hídricos e época de coleta na expressão gênica (p≤0.05). O gene MnSOD apresentou o maior nível de expressão em todos os genótipos na condição de maior restrição hídrica (cinco dias sem irrigação), com maiores níveis de expressão nos genótipos menos produtivos em condição de estresse. Já o gene glicosiltransferase apresentou uma expressão consideravelmente reduzida na condição mais crítica do estresse, sem indicativo claro de diferenciação entre os genótipos mais produtivos durante o estresse. Os dois genes avaliados foram claramente responsivos (p≤0.05) ao estresse hídrico mais severo, porém não explicaram as diferenças entre os genótipos agrupados quanto às estimativas de produtividade com e sem estresse de seca. Diante disso, é possível concluir que diante da complexidade nos processos adaptativos à seca, cada genótipo utiliza diferentes mecanismos de respostas moleculares, não sendo possível diferencia-los somente através dos genes avaliados nesse estudo.

Cette thèse visait à développer nos connaissances quant au contrôle génétique et environnemental et la structuration géographique de la variabilité phénotypique pour des caractères fonctionnels chez le peuplier noir (Populus nigra L.). Trois caractères fonctionnels ont été étudiés : la phénologie de croissance, WUE et la résistance à la cavitation. La variabilité phénotypique exprimée pour la phénologie de croissance et WUE a été évaluée au sein d’une collection européenne de peuplier noir regroupant 1085 génotypes échantillonnés dans 13 métapopulations et installés en test clonal en pépinière dans deux sites expérimentaux. Nos résultats ont révélé une importante variabilité génétique ainsi qu’une importante plasticité phénotypique des caractères phénologiques et de WUE au sein des métapopulations. Une différenciation génétique modérée à forte des métapopulations a été observée pour la phénologie de croissance et WUE. Les différences entre métapopulations se structuraient selon des patrons plus ou moins complexes, qui semblaient refléter, pour la phénologie de croissance, une adaptation locale des métapopulations aux conditions de photopériode et de température. Tenant compte des capacités de phénotypage limitées pour la résistance à la cavitation, la variabilité génétique exprimée pour ce caractère a été évaluée au sein d’une population naturelle de peuplier noir regroupant 33 génotypes et installée en test clonal en pépinière dans un site expérimental. Nous avons détecté une variation significative du niveau de résistance à la cavitation entre génotypes. De manière générale, aucune relation phénotypique significative n’a été détectée entre la phénologie de croissance, WUE et la résistance à la cavitation au niveau intra-population, suggérant le maintien d’une diversité de combinaisons fonctionnelles. Le développement d’une puce à 10 331 marqueurs SNPs distribués à l’échelle du génome de P. nigra, notamment dans des régions candidates pour la phénologie de croissance, devrait permettre, à court terme, de confirmer l’adaptation locale des populations de peuplier noir et d’explorer ses bases génétiques. / This work aimed at improving our understanding of the genetic and environmental control as well as the geographic structure of phenotypic variation for functional traits in black poplar (Populus nigra L.). Three functional traits were studied: bud phenology, water-use efficiency (WUE) and xylem resistance to drought-induced cavitation. The phenotypic variation expressed for bud phenology and WUE was evaluated in a European P. nigra collection composed of 1085 cloned individuals sampled in 13 natural metapopulations and established in clonal test in nursery at two experimental sites. Substantial genetic variation and substantial phenotypic plasticity for bud phenology and WUE were observed within all metapopulations. Moderate to strong genetic differentiation of metapopulations was evidenced for phenological traits and WUE. Patterns of genetic differentiation were more or less complex depending on traits and seemed to reflect, for phenological traits, local adaptation of metapopulations to photoperiod and temperature. Taking into account the limited phenotyping capacity for xylem resistance to cavitation, genetic variation expressed for this trait was evaluated within one single natural population of black poplar composed of 33 genotypes which were established in clonal test in nursery at one experimental site. Significant variations were observed between genotypes for the degree of cavitation resistance. Overall, no significant relationship was detected between bud phenology, WUE and cavitation resistance at the within-population level, indicating the maintenance of a diversity of functional combinations. The development of an array covering 10 331 SNPs distributed across the P. nigra genome, notably in candidate regions for bud phenology, will enable in the short-term to confirm local adaptation of P. nigra populations and to identify its genetic basis.