Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE GOMES BEZERRA DE ALCANTARA.pdf: 5389542 bytes, checksum: dc9ede65ba065fe001b67486f091d942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-13 / Despite the construction sector being one of the largest sectors in the economy, it has its own specific characteristics with abundant movement of financial resources and absorption of labor. Even though its importance, it has major flaws regarding the planning process for residential development. There are few techniques that assist in production schedule aimed at producing vertical and horizontal sequential works.The CPM method, by utilizing heuristic rules of programming, enables the manager to view constructive scenarios. This technique associated with the concept of resource leveling remedies common problems of construction delays and excessive use of resources for project execution. Also, line of balance, a technique used in this study, displays the flaws and gaps in production, reducing the idleness of labor and the leveling of the rate of production. The objective of this study is to compare planning techniques of vertical sequential works, in order to get better performance based on the reduction of time and resource optimization. This study developed analysis and demonstrations of the effectiveness of tactical and operational planning of four enterprises with particular characteristics and differentiated from each other in order to test and process the data obtained by the work scenarios of executive managers, showing the best alternative of execution for the type of enterprise studied. Therefore it is concluded that the proposed techniques are easy to use, have specific performance, feature complementary graphical visualizations and proven to be very effective in making decisions. Both associated techniques generate excellent results for works of a repetitive nature. / O setor da construção, apesar de ser um dos maiores setores da economia, tem características próprias em especial pela grande movimentação de recursos financeiros e absorção de mão de obra. Apesar de sua importância, apresenta grandes falhas quanto ao processo de planejamento de empreendimentos residenciais. Existem poucas técnicas que auxiliem na programação de produção direcionados a obras verticais e horizontais seriadas. O método CPM, por utilizar regras heurísticas de programação, possibilita ao gestor a visualização do cenário construtivo. Essa técnica, associada ao conceito de nivelamento de recursos permite sanar problemas comuns de atrasos de obras e uso excessivo de recursos para a execução de projetos. A linha de balanço, técnica também empregada, permite visualizar as falhas e folgas de produção, reduzindo a ociosidade de mão de obra e o nivelamento do ritmo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar técnicas de planejamento de obras horizontais seriadas, para a obtenção do melhor desempenho produtivo com base na redução de tempos e otimização de recursos. Neste estudo, foram desenvolvidas análises e demonstrações da eficácia do planejamento tático e operacional de quatro empreendimentos com características particulares e diferenciadas entre si, visando a comparação e o tratamento dos dados obtidos pelos cenários executivos dos gestores das obras, demonstrando assim a melhor alternativa de execução para a tipologia do empreendimento de estudo. Conclui-se que as técnicas propostas são de fácil aplicação, possuem desempenhos específicos, possuem visualizações gráficas complementares e mostraram-se muito eficazes no processo de tomada de decisões, gerando excelentes resultados para obras de natureza repetitivas.

abstract: The wood-framing trade has not sufficiently been investigated to understand the work task sequencing and coordination among crew members. A new mental framework for a performing crew was developed and tested through four case studies. This framework ensured similar team performance as the one provided by task micro-scheduling in planning software. It also allowed evaluation of the effect of individual coordination within the crew on the crew's productivity. Using design information, a list of micro-activities/tasks and their predecessors was automatically generated for each piece of lumber in the four wood frames. The task precedence was generated by applying elementary geometrical and technological reasoning to each frame. Then, the duration of each task was determined based on observations from videotaped activities. Primavera's (P6) resource leveling rules were used to calculate the sequencing of tasks and the minimum duration of the whole activity for various crew sizes. The results showed quick convergence towards the minimum production time and allowed to use information from Building Information Models (BIM) to automatically establish the optimal crew sizes for frames. Late Start (LS) leveling priority rule gave the shortest duration in every case. However, the logic of LS tasks rule is too complex to be conveyed to the framing crew. Therefore, the new mental framework of a well performing framer was developed and tested to ensure high coordination. This mental framework, based on five simple rules, can be easily taught to the crew and ensures a crew productivity congruent with the one provided by the LS logic. The case studies indicate that once the worst framer in the crew surpasses the limit of 11% deviation from applying the said five rules, every additional percent of deviation reduces the productivity of the whole crew by about 4%. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Construction 2011

Ο χρονικός προγραμματισμός αποτελεί τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο του συστήματος διαχείρισης των έργων και, λόγω της σημασίας του, τα τελευταία χρόνια αποτελεί πεδίο εντατικής έρευνας τόσο σε επίπεδο ακαδημαϊκών εργασιών όσο και στην επιχειρηματική κοινότητα. Το χρονοπρόγραμμα συνδέεται με δύο θεμελιώδη χαρακτηριστικά των έργων: την διάρκεια ολοκλήρωσης των εργασιών (άρα και τον χρόνο διάθεσης του έργου προς χρήση) και το κόστος κατασκευής. Η σημασία του χρονικού προγραμματισμού αποκτά πρόσθετο ειδικό βάρος αν αναλογιστεί κανείς τις μεγάλες απαιτήσεις, την πολυπλοκότητα, το μέγεθος, την διαφοροποίηση, τις κατασκευαστικές λεπτομέρειες, τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά απόδοσης (προδιαγραφές ποιότητας, ασφάλειας, αντοχής, περιβαλλοντικής μέριμνας, κ.λπ.) αλλά και τις ανάγκες των χρηστών των τεχνικών έργων. Η διαθεσιμότητα και η κατανομή των ανθρώπων, των μηχανημάτων, των υλικών και του εξοπλισμού που απαιτούνται για την εκτέλεση ενός έργου, όπως εύλογα προκύπτει, επηρεάζουν καταλυτικά τον χρονικό προγραμματισμό. Όλα τα παραπάνω συνθέτουν τους απαιτούμενους πόρους ή, διαφορετικά, τα μέσα παραγωγής για την εκτέλεση του έργου. Οι διαφορετικές επιλογές κατανομής των πόρων, ενδέχεται να οδηγήσουν σε σημαντική αύξηση ή μείωση του κόστους υλοποίησης, στην καθυστέρηση ή γενικά στην χρονική μετακίνηση εργασιών, στην επιλογή εναλλακτικών πόρων ή τρόπων εκτέλεσης, στην κατάτμηση των δραστηριοτήτων (εφόσον υπάρχει η δυνατότητα) ή ακόμα και στον συνολικό αναπρογραμματισμό του έργου. Για την επίλυση των προβλημάτων κατανομής των πόρων, έχουν αναπτυχθεί πολλές μεθοδολογίες που βασίζονται σε μαθηματικές ή ευρετικές και μετα-ευρετικές προσεγγίσεις. Κάθε κατηγορία επίλυσης περιλαμβάνει διακριτές υποκατηγορίες και έχει συγκεκριμένες απαιτήσεις (προϋποθέσεις), οι οποίες προφανώς επηρεάζουν την αποτελεσματικότητα του μηχανισμού επίλυσης και φυσικά το αποτέλεσμα. Κοινό στοιχείο σε όλες αυτές τις περιπτώσεις είναι η πολυπλοκότητα του προβλήματος που αντιμετωπίζεται και το πλήθος των παραμέτρων και των περιορισμών, συνήθως συγκρουσιακών, που επηρεάζουν τις τελικές λύσεις. Στην παρούσα Διατριβή αναλύεται ακριβώς αυτή η προβληματική της κατανομής των πόρων στα τεχνικά έργα και οι πιο διαδεδομένες μεθοδολογικές και τεχνικές προσεγγίσεις. Η έρευνα εστιάζει στην βελτιστοποίηση προβλημάτων πολλαπλών στόχων που προσομοιάζουν στα πραγματικά δεδομένα. Τα εν λόγω προβλήματα χαρακτηρίζονται από την ύπαρξη περιορισμών στην διαθεσιμότητα των πόρων, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του χρόνου, την απαίτηση πολλαπλών πόρων (διαφορετικές κατηγορίες μέσων παραγωγής) για την υλοποίηση του έργου, την ύπαρξη γενικευμένων σχέσεων διαδοχής ανάμεσα στις δραστηριότητες που συνθέτουν το έργο και την δυνατότητα εναλλακτικών τρόπων εκτέλεσης των δραστηριοτήτων. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις παραπάνω παραμέτρους, σχεδιάζεται ένα μοντέλο βελτιστοποίησης στην βάση των επιμέρους όρων κόστους των έργων και αναπτύσσεται μία εφαρμογή Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης με χρήση Γενετικού Αλγορίθμου σε γλώσσα προγραμματισμού Visual Basic for Applications στο φιλικό περιβάλλον του Microsoft Excel. Οι επιδόσεις του αλγορίθμου σε ικανό πλήθος προβλημάτων για τα οποία γνωρίζουμε εκ των προτέρων την βέλτιστη λύση (ή μία πολύ καλή λύση κοντά στην βέλτιστη) είναι ιδιαίτερα ικανοποιητικές. Τα συμπεράσματα αξιολόγησης της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας βελτιστοποίησης είναι θετικά, με αποτέλεσμα η γενίκευση του μοντέλου σε μεγαλύτερα ή και πιο σύνθετα προβλήματα να παρουσιάζει εξαιρετικό ενδιαφέρον. / --

Resource Leveling Problem (RLP) aims to minimize undesired fluctuations in resource distribution curves which cause several practical problems. Many studies conclude that commercial project management software packages can not effectively deal with RLP. In this study a branch and bound algorithm is presented for solving RLP for single and multi resource, small size networks. The algorithm adopts a depth-first strategy and stores start times of non-critical activities in the nodes of the search tree. Optimal resource distributions for 4 different types of resource leveling metrics can be obtained via the developed procedure. To prune more of the search tree and thereby reduce the computation time, several lower bound calculation methods are employed. Experiment results from 20 problems showed that the suggested algorithm can successfully locate optimal solutions for networks with up to 20 activities. The algorithm presented in this study contributes to the literature in two points. First, the new lower bound improvement method (maximum allowable daily resources method) introduced in this study reduces computation time required for achieving the optimal solution for the RLP. Second, optimal solutions of several small sized problems have been obtained by the algorithm for some traditional and recently suggested leveling metrics. Among these metrics, Resource Idle Day (RID) has been utilized in an exact method for the first time. All these solutions may form a basis for performance evaluation of heuristic and metaheuristic procedures for the RLP. Limitations of the developed branch and bound procedure are discussed and possible further improvements are suggested.

In this thesis, meta-heuristic algorithms are developed to obtain optimum or near optimum solutions for the time-cost-resource trade-off and resource leveling problems in project scheduling. Time cost trade-off, resource leveling, single-mode resource constrained project scheduling, multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling and resource constrained time cost trade-off problems are analyzed. Genetic algorithm simulated annealing, quantum simulated annealing, memetic algorithm, variable neighborhood search, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization and electromagnetic scatter search meta-heuristic algorithms are implemented for time cost trade-off problems with unlimited resources. In this thesis, three new meta-heuristic algorithms are developed by embedding meta-heuristic algorithms in each other. Hybrid genetic algorithm with simulated annealing presents the best results for time cost trade-off. Resource leveling problem is analyzed by five genetic algorithm based meta-heuristic algorithms. Apart from simple genetic algorithm, four meta-heuristic algorithms obtained same schedules obtained in the literature. In addition to this, in one of the test problems the solution is improved by the four meta-heuristic algorithms. For the resource constrained scheduling problems / genetic algorithm, genetic algorithm with simulated annealing, hybrid genetic algorithm with simulated annealing and particle swarm optimization meta-heuristic algorithms are implemented. The algorithms are tested by using the project sets of Kolisch and Sprecher (1996). Genetic algorithm with simulated annealing and hybrid genetic algorithm simulated annealing algorithm obtained very successful results when compared with the previous state of the art algorithms. 120-activity multi-mode problem set is produced by using the single mode problem set of Kolisch and Sprecher (1996) for the analysis of resource constrained time cost trade-off problem. Genetic algorithm with simulated annealing presented the least total project cost.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-31T20:46:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Celkevicius.pdf: 1822530 bytes, checksum: f9a6f7a59ea3449e0e89abfa2ea5ed90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T20:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Celkevicius.pdf: 1822530 bytes, checksum: f9a6f7a59ea3449e0e89abfa2ea5ed90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / A critical aspect of IT management - Information Technology is the distribution of human resources across multiple projects competing for these resources. These features have specific skills and are shared among several areas. The allocation of these resources should be planned in order to minimize cost and time. Typically, the leveling of these resources is done in an after step, to control both idle time and overwork, which can result in rework, and new negotiations to adjust costs and time. To check how to solve these problems, the objective of this work is to propose a model of integrated allocation and leveling of human resources in IT projects in the planning phase. For this, a single case study was done and the analysis unit chosen was the board of IT infrastructure projects, with three management areas that meet different customers in a large enterprise IT outsourcing services. Project managers are responsible for the definition, negotiation and allocation of human resources, which they were the focus of the interviews. Through interviews and analysis of the organization's internal documents, it was analyzed the importance given to the critical path, resource constraints in terms of quantity and skills and interactions with departments and organization’s internal committees for the allocation and leveling process of human resources. As a result, a model was proposed for allocation and leveling of human resources in an integrated manner for IT projects. In this model, some components are identified as the critical path, the need of a management area of human resources capable to handle IT projects, which would maintain a centralized database with information availability, restrictions, vacations, days off and skills of human resources, associated with a committee of personnel allocation with regular meetings, for the final decisions of allocation and leveling of human resources in IT projects. Furthermore, it is proposed an index named allocation factor, which can be explored in future research as well as other research opportunities in software area which they are regarding allocation and leveling human resource systems itself, decision support systems and optimization algorithms such procedures. / Um aspecto crítico da gestão de TI – Tecnologia da Informação é a distribuição de recursos humanos entre vários projetos que competem por esses recursos. Esses recursos possuem competências específicas e são compartilhados entre várias áreas. A alocação desses recursos deve ser planejada, de maneira a minimizar custos e prazos. Normalmente, o nivelamento desses recursos é feito posteriormente para controlar tanto a ociosidade quanto o excesso de trabalho, o que pode implicar em retrabalho e novas negociações para adequar custos e prazo. Para verificar como resolver esses problemas, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor um modelo de alocação e nivelamento de recursos humanos integrados no planejamento de projetos de TI. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso único e a unidade de análise escolhida foi a diretoria de projetos de infraestrutura de TI, com três gerências que atendem clientes distintos, em uma grande empresa de serviços de outsourcing de TI. Os gerentes de projetos são os responsáveis pela definição, negociação e alocação dos recursos humanos, sendo estes, o foco das entrevistas realizadas. Por meio de entrevistas e análise dos documentos internos da organização, analisou-se a importância dada ao caminho crítico, as restrições de recursos em termos de quantidade e competências e as interações com departamentos e comitês internos da organização no processo de alocação e nivelamento de recursos humanos. Como resultado, foi proposto um modelo para esta alocação e nivelamento em projetos de TI de maneira integrada. Neste modelo, fazem parte a identificação do caminho crítico, a necessidade da existência de uma área gestora dos recursos humanos capazes de trabalhar em projetos de TI, que manteria uma base de dados centralizada com informações de disponibilidade, restrições, férias, folgas e competências dos recursos humanos que, associada a um comitê de alocação de pessoas com reuniões periódicas, tomam as decisões finais de alocação e nivelamento de recursos humanos nos projetos de TI. Ainda, é proposto um índice que se denominou de fator de alocação, que pode ser explorado em pesquisas futuras, bem como, outras oportunidades de pesquisa na área de software em relação a sistemas de alocação e nivelamento de recursos humanos propriamente dito, sistemas de apoio de decisão e algoritmos de otimização desses procedimentos.