The research hypothesis of this study states that a systematic and operational method for evaluating rural, cultural, historic landscapes, particularly at the regional level, simply does not exist. The purpose of this study was two-fold: first, to prove, through an informal survey of landscape architecture firms involved in historic preservation and preservation organizations, that the hypothesis was true, and secondly, to develop a method for evaluating a specific kind of rural, cultural, historic landscape -- nineteenth century farms in the Blue Ridge Belt. The overriding objective in developing the method for evaluating nineteenth century Blue Ridge farms was to make the evaluation criteria as operational as possible, and, therefore, create a method which would be accessible to the non-professional. The criteria used to evaluate the farms was based on studies done of farms documented in the archives of the Shenandoah National Park in Luray, Virginia, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, and the Historic Landsmarks Commission in Richmond, Virginia. The method was designed so that every farm evaluated by means of the checksheet can be scored based on the degree to which it represents a typical nineteenth century Blue Ridge farm. / M.L. Arch.

Survival and growth of planted trees are common indices used to evaluate success of wetland restoration efforts used to compensate for wetland losses. Restoration efforts on marginal agricultural lands typically result in less than satisfactory survival and growth of desired tree species. This study evaluated seed source ecotype, greenhouse preconditioning and combinations of five mechanical site preparation techniques (mound, bed, rip, disk, pit), four levels of planting stock (gallon, tubeling, bare root, and direct seed), and three planting aids (mat, tube, none) on the survival and growth of American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and willow oak (Quercus phellos L.) planted on an old field riparian area in the Virginia Piedmont. American sycamore seedlings subjected to greenhouse flood preconditioning had 25% greater height and willow oak seedlings grown under normal greenhouse conditions had 18% greater diameter, but these greenhouse adaptations did not confer greater survivability or growth after field planting. American sycamore seeds sourced from dry ecotypes were 14% taller than wet ecotype seeds, and willow oak acorns sourced from wet ecotypes were 11% taller than dry ecotype acorns, indicating that parental ecotype may influence survivability and growth. The combination of mounding site preparation and gallon planting stock increased mean survival to 100% and aboveground dry biomass (5.44 Mg/ha/yr) in American sycamore. Willow oak had 45% greater woody stem volume with mounding site preparation 80% greater woody stem volume with gallon and bare root planting stock. Tubeling planting stock provided significant benefit relative to the low planting stock cost for American sycamore, while bare root seedlings were shown to be an effective planting stock for willow oak. The use of appropriate ecotype seed sources, use of mounding mechanical site preparation techniques and planting of species appropriate planting stock increased survival and growth of common early and mid-successional Piedmont tree species on marginal agricultural lands. Treatments that appear to be economically viable for restoration and mitigation efforts could potentially offer other economic incentives such as short rotation woody crops and timber value, which might induce additional private landowners to attempt restoration efforts in marginal old field riparian areas. / Doctor of Philosophy / In order to offset the loss of wetlands due to development, strategies are needed to create wetlands in areas along streams that are unfarmed. Survival and growth of planted trees are commonly used to evaluate the success of these new wetland areas. The goal of this research is to provide alternative methods to increase survival and growth of two common trees planted in the Piedmont of Virginia. The results show that creating mounds of soil before planting trees and planting larger trees will increase tree survival and growth in these wetland areas. Landowners and land managers can use these methods to increase the value of unfarmed land along streams while also increasing water quality and providing habitat animals that use the streams and wetlands.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

A direct consequence of disorganized human population growth and the indiscriminate use of natural resources are the reduction of area and the fragmentation of native ecosystems, as they transform into agricultural areas. In this scenario, agroforestry systems (AFS) may be an alternative to reconcile restoration, conservation and local agricultural production. However, there is a diversity of AFS, and its use as a forest restoration strategy is still uncertain, mainly because we lack evaluations based on ecological indicators from those systems. Thus, we compared ecological indicators measured in a coffee agroforestry system in the Pontal do Paranapanema with those inform conventional restoration plantings of the same age and with regional reference ecosystems. We measured natural regeneration density and richness; canopy cover by native species and aboveground biomass and compared among sites using an ANOVA, followed by Tukey\'s test for mean comparison. Aiming to understand the factors influencing the ecological indicators of forest restoration in coffee AFS, we performed generalized linear models (GLM) using density of coffee and native trees, biomass, percentage of animal-dispersed trees, distance to the nearest forest remnant and richness of tree species as predictor variables and percentage of canopy cover and density and richness of natural regeneration as response variables. The reference forests had the highest values for forest structure indicators, followed by AFS and finally by the conventional restoration plantings. However, we found a greater diversity of tree species planted in the AFS and a natural regeneration similar to that found in the reference ecosystems. Despite coffee density in the AFS negatively influencing natural regeneration, the coffee AFS had greater ecological performance than the conventional restoration, being a viable alternative for forest restoration. We conclude that AFS with coffee and native tree species play an important ecological role in the FLR in Pontal do Paranapanema, reconciling productivity with forest restoration. / Um reflexo direto do crescimento desordenado da população humana e das atividades antrópicas é a diminuição e a fragmentação da área ocupada por ecossistemas nativos e sua substituição por áreas agrícolas. Neste cenário, os sistemas agroflorestais (SAF) podem ser uma alternativa para conciliar restauração, conservação e produção agrícola local. No entanto, tendo em vista a diversidade de SAFs, sua adoção como estratégia de restauração florestal ainda carece de estudos que avaliem os níveis de indicadores ecológicos de cada sistema. Neste sentido, comparamos os indicadores ecológicos de sistemas agroflorestais com café e espécies arbóreas nativas no Pontal do Paranapanema, com os de plantios convencionais de restauração florestal de mesma idade (12-15 anos) e ecossistemas de referência regionais. Medimos a densidade e a riqueza da regeneração natural, a cobertura do solo por espécies nativas e a biomassa acima do solo e as comparamos entre as áreas pela análise de variância ANOVA seguida da comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey. Buscando compreender os fatores que influenciam os indicadores ecológicos da restauração florestal no SAF, analisamos modelos lineares generalizados, tendo biomassa, porcentagem de árvores zoocóricas, distância do remanescente florestal mais próximo, densidades de café, riqueza e densidade de árvores nativas como variáveis preditoras, e porcentagem de cobertura do dossel, densidade e riqueza da regeneração natural como variáveis respostas. As florestas de referência tiveram os maiores valores para indicadores de estrutura florestal, seguidas pelos SAFs e pelos plantios convencionais de restauração florestal. Entretanto, encontramos elevada diversidade de espécies arbóreas nos SAFs e valores próximos aos das florestas de referência para a diversidade da regeneração natural. Embora a densidade de plantas de café influencie negativamente a regeneração natural, os SAFs apresentaram um melhor desempenho ecológico que as áreas de restauração convencional, correspondendo à uma alternativa viável para restauração florestal. Desta forma, concluímos que os sistemas agroflorestais estudados desempenham um papel ecológico importante na restauração da paisagem florestal no Pontal do Paranapanema, conciliando produção com restauração florestal.

A tese \"Antigo e novo nas intervenções em preexistências históricas: a experiência brasileira (1980-2010)\", vem pautada na reflexão dos recentes diálogos entre antigo e novo, permanência e inovação, preservação e mudança, que fazem parte do cenário da produção arquitetônica contemporânea em que se assiste, cada vez mais, edifícios antigos tornaremse parte de uma nova história da cidade. Observa-se que o que deveria ser exceção tornou-se prática constante no cenário da arquitetura atual: em um monumento de valor histórico e artístico nem sempre se tem como objetivo, em uma intervenção, preservar o seu protagonismo e transmiti-lo em sua essência para o futuro; nem sempre seus valores estéticos e suas características históricas são respeitados; nem sempre a intervenção tem como foco o monumento, mas sim a projetação do novo associada a ele. E o que deveria ser a prática usual virou exceção. Cada vez mais encontramos intervenções na preexistência que se distanciam do rigor metodológico do restauro. Com variadas denominações - restauro, reabilitação, readequação, revitalização, reciclagem -, as ações de intervenção operam sempre com a dimensão do tempo: o tempo de vida do monumento; o tempo durante o qual ele foi submetido à degradação; as sucessivas camadas de tempo que a ele foram acrescentadas pelas transformações por que passou; e o tempo que lhe resta como monumento vivo. A fim de esclarecer essas e outras questões decorrentes dessa abordagem, busca-se investigar como se articulam as premissas teóricas e os critérios de projeto adotados nas intervenções em edifícios de valor histórico e artístico - onde julgamos encontrar-se o cerne do problema - a partir do pensamento italiano de restauro, tendo como base, em especial, os princípios da Carta de Veneza para a análise das características e dos procedimentos utilizados nas intervenções sobre preexistências históricas no Brasil nas últimas décadas. Foram estabelecidas oito tendências de intervenção mais recorrentes em um conjunto de obras analisadas, criando-se grupos com características semelhantes entre si, não totalmente rígidos e fechados, mas que, de alguma forma, pudessem facilitar a leitura das obras e caracterizar o panorama de intervenções no Brasil em relação ao campo disciplinar de restauro. Pretende-se promover a reflexão sobre esse tipo específico de produção ainda recente no Brasil e avaliar como essas intervenções se aproximam, ou não, do campo disciplinar de restauro. Portanto, tomando como referência uma série de obras pré-selecionadas, a intenção deste trabalho é averiguar as posturas, as características e os procedimentos que têm direcionado as intervenções em preexistências históricas no Brasil. O objetivo é analisar as escolhas feitas, verificando quais as tendências e posturas recorrentes e como elas dialogam com os procedimentos atuais sobre o restauro no campo internacional. Procurou-se avaliar a postura e procedimento de projeto a partir da excepcionalidade do monumento como objeto isolado e em seu contexto urbano, a sua função original, a sua destinação de uso, seus aspectos simbólicos e seus detalhes significativos. Dessa forma, foi possível aprofundar o estudo e caracterização de cada uma das tendências de intervenção. Para compreender o cenário brasileiro no que diz respeito à valorização de seu patrimônio e a materialização de quais valores, quais critérios e como os desafios da intervenção e conservação dos monumentos preexistentes são consumados na prática e, principalmente, como a palavra \"restauro\" vem sendo empregada na atualidade, foram analisadas, a partir de uma amostragem reduzida, 32 estudos de caso. / The Thesis \"Old and new in the interventions in historical preexistence : the Brazilian experience (1980-2010)\", has guided us to reflect on the recent dialogue between old and new, permanence and innovation, preservation and change: aspects that are part of the contemporary architectural production scenery, where, at increasingly fast pace, old buildings have become part of a new history of the city. We can observe that what should be exception has become constant practice in current architecture: in an intervention of a monument of artistic and historical value for instance, not always it is the main objective to preserve its role and pass on its essence to the future, not even its aesthetical values and its historical characteristics are always respected, not always is the intervention focused on the monument itself, but rather on the projecting related to it. What should be usual practice has become exception. We find interventions on the preexistence that move away from the methodological rigor of restoring. Known as - restoration, rehabilitation, readjustment, revitalization, recycling - the actions of interventions always operate in relation with time: the life-time of the monument, the time during which it was submitted to degradation, the successive layers of time that were added to it along its transformations and the time left as a living monument. In order to clarify these and other issues on the matter, it is important to investigate the theoretical assumptions and criteria related to the projects adopted in the interventions on the buildings of historical and artistic value - which are, from my point of view, the core of the matter - starting from the Italian art of restoring, bearing in mind the principles of the Venice Charter for a better understanding of the characteristics and the procedures adopted in the interventions of historical preexistence in Brazil in the last decades. Eight trends of mostly recurrent interventions among a group of analyzed works were established: groups with similar characteristics, not totally strict and closed in order to enable the understanding of the works and characterize the range of interventions in Brazil related to restoring. We would like to promote reflection about this specific type of production still recent here in Brazil and to assess how these interventions come close or not to the disciplinary field known as restoring. Therefore, taking as reference a pre-selected group of works, our objective is to ascertain the attitudes, the characteristics and the procedures that lead to the interventions on the historical preexistence in Brazil. Our goal is to analyze the choices that were made, assessing the recurrent trends and attitudes and how they interact with the modern procedures in international restoring. We assessed the attitude and the procedure of the project considering the monument`s exceptionality: its essence of isolated object within the urban context, its original function, its usefulness, its symbolic features and its significant details. Thereby, it has been possible to deepen the study and characterization of each one of the trends in the intervention. For a better understanding of the Brazilian scenery in terms of appreciation of its heritage and materialization of which values, criteria and how the challenges in the intervention and conservation of the preexistent monuments are put in practice and, mainly, how the term \"restoring\" is currently used, we have analyzed 32 study cases.

He, Jie. / Thesis submitted in: October 2008. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-236). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The Development of the Cultural Route Concept --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Delimitation of Heritage Definitions and Conservation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Shortcomings of Delimitations and Their Implementation in Cultural Routes --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Authenticity as a Subject of Investigation and Planning Support --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Definition --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Research Objectives --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Significance of Study --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cultural Route Heritage Disciplines and Protection Practices --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Theoretical and Methodological Investigations --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Delimitations and Case Studies --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Routes and Associated Landscape Studies carried out by Archaeologists --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Archaeological Route Studies --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Landscape Archaeological Module and Cases --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Methodology and technology --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Landscape Archaeology and ,GIS applications" --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Landscape Archaeology through the Cognitive Paradigm --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Information Technology and GIS Support --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- GIS Support for Heritage --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- GIS for Cultural Resource Management --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Gap between Practice and Research --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Potential of GIS for Conservation Planning in CRM --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Problems in Gonservation Planning Relating to Heritage Value --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Perceptual Archaeology and GIS Applications. --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Archaeological Yisibility --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Cost Surface Analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6 --- Problem-oriented Applications of Visibility and Cost-surface Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Single Factor Approaches --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Social and Cultural Interpretations --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Path Studies --- p.53 / Chapter 2.7 --- Visual Resource Management Researches by the Author --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8 --- Summary and Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- SYSTEM DESIGN --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Questions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Authenticity and the Reified Attributes --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Definition of Attributes --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Authenticity Interpretations through Spatial Interrelationships --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Authenticity Interpretations through Functionalities --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- The Scale Issue --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Technical Potentials in GIS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2 --- The System Framework --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Path Replication and Prediction --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Control of Space --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Cultural Landscapes in Cultural Route Spatial Analysis --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3 --- Management and Delimitations --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Allocations --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Delimitations in Categories --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1 --- Background Dataset. --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- DEM --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Mapping Scales --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- "Historical Topography and Landscape Reconstruction," --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2 --- Cost Surface Analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Movement Singulation --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Path Selection --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3 --- Cost Surface Modeling --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Attributes Introduced --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Cost-Surface Model Making --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Visibility as a Cost --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Algorithms --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- rSpatial Control of Property --- p.128 / Chapter 4.4 --- Technical Issues and Validation --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Technical Issues of Visibility Studies --- p.138 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Cost-Surface Analysis Conberns --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Validations --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.143 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- CASE STUDY OF THE GREAT WALL --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1 --- Background --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Previous Research --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Great Wall Conservation --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2 --- Case Study Design --- p.150 / Chapter 5.3 --- Data Sources and Data Preparation --- p.151 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- DEM --- p.151 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Historical Reconstructions --- p.156 / Chapter 5.4 --- Large-scale Analyses --- p.162 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Cost-surface Modeling --- p.163 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Invasion and Defensive Interpretations --- p.166 / Chapter 5.5 --- The Juyongguan Pass Study --- p.178 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Research Background --- p.181 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Facility Mapping and Viewshed Analysis --- p.181 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Movement Modeling --- p.191 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Analytical Results --- p.195 / Chapter 5.6 --- Spatial Control and Delimitations of Juyongguan Pass Fortress --- p.201 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Spatial Control of the Great Wall --- p.201 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Juyongguan Pass Fortress Delimitations --- p.203 / Chapter 5.7 --- Summary and Discussion --- p.209 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION --- p.211 / Chapter 6.1 --- Utility of the Proposed Study Scheme --- p.211 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- The Theoretical Aspect --- p.211 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Methodological Aspect --- p.212 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Conservation Practice --- p.213 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research Contributions and Limitations --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3 --- Further Research --- p.215 / REFERENCES --- p.219

The purposes of this creative project were (1) to develop a stone conservation plan for some of the markers in the "Old Part" of Beech Grove Cemetery, (2) to bring attention to the plight of a sampling of the cemetery stone markers in the "Old Part," and (3) to provide a written and photographic database for those individuals who are concerned with the preservation/conservation of Beech Grove Cemetery, in the hopes that a conservation plan can be implemented throughout the cemetery.Results revealed that a vast majority of Beech Grove's markers are deteriorating due to several natural factors such as weathering and erosion, as well as to neglect and vandalism. I have included, in this project, 195 stone inventory forms with a correlating map and photograph of those stones surveyed. The results also confirmed my theory that little conservation has taken place in the cemetery. Some conservation efforts that have been applied to the stone markers have further damaged them due to inappropriate methods. / Department of Architecture

*Graveyards are significant sites that are consciously and deliberately created. As both architecture and landscape architecture, graveyards are an intrinsic part of history that have helped define and establish architectural styles as well as address land use and associated issues.Graveyards provide some of the best and most lasting examples of art and sculpture through the ages. By examining the size, shape, ornamentation/articulation, style of carving and materials from which the stones are constructed, elements of social status and what individuals thought of the themselves are revealed. Valuable historic documentation is gleaned from graveyards in the form of genealogical information, social history, widespread diseases, wars/battles and demographics. The study of epitaphs discloses biographies of individuals and indicates what type of professions were dominant during a certain period. The religious symbolism of individual stones differentiates denominations and may lend evidence of a once-existent church or parish.*This term was traditionally used throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and therefore will be applied in the text where appropriate. The need to preserve graveyards is essential to humankind's understanding of the past,, people and the environment. As outdoor museums that are open to all, regardless of social or economic status, to visit and experience, graveyards are potentially one of the best educational tools for interpreting history, yet are seldom used. Graveyards must begin to be viewed as "interpretive sites" and not just as functional and emotional places for the dead. As a tangible aspect of history that contains sensitive records, the preservation of a graveyard must be carefully and innovatively handled. The stability that a cemetery presents in the ever-changing environment of a disposable society is threatened unless the site and its artifacts are properly maintained.Historic Blandford Cemetery in Petersburg, Virginia, presents itself as a significant eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth-century graveyard/cemetery. It is the site of the 1781 Battle of Petersburg and the burial grounds for approximately 30,000 Confederate soldiers from the United States Civil War. The Old Blandford Church is the oldest church in the Petersburg area (ca. 1734-1737) and was the last of three brick churches built for Bristol Parish of Bristol, England, in colonial Virginia. The church also contains fifteen Tiffany stained-glass windows designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany.Since the historic fabric at Blandford Cemetery needs to be preserved, restored, maintained and innovatively managed to ensure its future, this study has been undertaken with the sincere hope that others will find the enthusiasm, support and encouragement to seek out, preserve and interpret old graveyards and cemeteries. / Department of Architecture

This thesis offers a preservation plan for Zionsville, Indiana in the 1980's. The plan is based on the current state of the art of historic preservation.The thesis contains a brief history of the town, describes nineteenth and twentieth century architectural styles present in the community, and explores past local preservation efforts, such as the 1960's "Colonial Reconstruction Program." It also discusses general preservation issues such as structure evaluation systems, historic district delineation, preservation legislation, and public education. Elements in several preservation plans from other towns are examined as well.Finally, the thesis proposes five objectives for preservation in Zionsville in the 1980's. Recommendations offering options for the town to carry out each objective are outlined. A timetable for implementation of the recommendations as well as suggested sources of personnel and funding to aid preservation activities is also included. / Department of Architecture

The purpose of the Historic Structures Report on the Caspar Woods one-room schoolhouse is to document the structure and provide information for its preservation and restoration. Built in 1915 by the Caspar Lumber Company, it is an excellent example of a one-room schoolhouse. Constructed during a period of reform in the education movement the Caspar Woods schoolhouse exemplifies the movements ideal of a standardized school building. This schoolhouse also has a unique feature of having been built on a support structure of skids and beams. This allowed i t to be moved i n three sections to different logging camps.The Historic Structure report looks at the history of this one-room schoolhouse, the Caspar Lumber Company and local factors that influenced the building if this school. The report also documents the existing condition of the building and provides suggestions for its preservation and restoration. / Department of Architecture