A mineração modifica profundamente os ecossistemas naturais e, embora a recuperação dessas áreas seja exigida pela legislação, trata-se ainda de um grande desafio técnico. Geralmente, as estratégias de recuperação envolvem a distribuição de solo florestal superficial, a semeadura de gramíneas exóticas para cobrir o solo, chamada de \"tapete verde\", e o plantio de mudas de árvores exóticas e/ou nativas. No entanto, a semeadura de gramíneas exóticas pode restringir a regeneração de espécies nativas, sendo a avaliação da sua viabilidade ecológica necessária para determinar sua real necessidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar se é necessário o uso de gramíneas exóticas para o recobrimento inicial do solo na recuperação de florestas tropicais em áreas de mineração de bauxita, bem como se a trajetória ecológica gerada apresenta potencial de retorno às condições pré-distúrbio. Sendo assim, utilizamos um estudo de caso de recuperação de minas de exploração de bauxita na Mata Atlântica do Brasil na região de Poços de Caldas-MG, na qual foram comparadas cronossequências de dois métodos de restauração de minas de bauxita - restauração florestal sem tapete verde (Rs) e restauração florestal com tapete verde (Rc) - tendo-se trechos de floresta nativa como ecossistema de referência. Foram avaliados dados de estrutura (cobertura de gramínea, cobertura de dossel, área basal, densidade de indivíduos com DAP ≥ 1 cm e altura ≥130 cm - classe 1 - e densidade de indivíduos com DAP < 1 cm e altura ≥ 50 cm - classe 2) e composição (riqueza, diversidade, equabilidade, riqueza e porcentagem de espécies por síndrome de dispersão). A definição da trajetória ecológica foi realizada por meio de regressões lineares. O método de restauração florestal sem tapete verde alcançou resultados superiores ao método Rc em parâmetros importantes para o estabelecimento da floresta, como cobertura de gramíneas, cobertura de dossel, riqueza e diversidade da classe 1. O método Rs também teve resultados semelhantes à Rc em vários parâmetros, apesar da idade inferior. Os dois métodos apresentaram tendências de evolução em direção aos parâmetros do ecossistema de referência, porém o método Rs, se mantiver a trajetória atual, pode alcançá-los mais rapidamente, o que reduz gastos com manutenção e manejo. Tais evidências mostram que o uso de gramíneas exóticas para recobrimento inicial de áreas mineradas não é necessário em projetos que visem à restauração florestal de áreas de mineração, pois essas prejudicam o restabelecimento da dinâmica florestal. Adicionalmente, mostrou-se ser possível recuperar áreas mineradas de bauxita com metas ecológicas mais ambiciosas, que visem o retorno de condições similares às existentes pré-distúrbio. / Mining profoundly alters natural ecosystems and, although the recovery of these areas is required by law, it is still a major technical challenge. Generally, recovery strategies involve the distribution of surface forest soil, planting of exotic grasses to cover the ground and the planting of exotic and/or native trees. However, the sowing of exotic grasses may restrict native species regeneration, therefore, context specific diagnosis must be carried out to determine the actual need of using such technique. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the use of exotic grasses for initial soil covering in the recovery of tropical forests in areas of bauxite mining is necessary, as well as if the restored community has potential to return to the pre-disturbance conditions. Therefore, we use a case study of recovery of bauxite exploration in the Atlantic Forest region of Brazil in Pocos de Caldas, Minas Gerais, where chronosequences of two methods of restoration of bauxite mines were compared - restoration without exotic grasses (Rs) and forest restoration with exotic grasses (Rc) - taking up stretches of native forest ecosystem as a reference. We collected data on tree community structure (grass cover, canopy cover, basal area, and density of individuals CBH ≥3.1 cm and height ≥ 130 cm (1 class) and density of individuals DAP < 3.1 cm and height ≥ 50 cm (class 2) and composition (richness, diversity, evenness and richness and percentage of species by dispersion syndrome). The successional path was analyzed by linear regression. In class 1, the method of forest restoration without exotic grasses (Rs) achieved better results than Rc in key parameters for forest establishment, such as exotic grass cover, canopy cover, richness and diversity. The Rs method also had similar results to Rc in several parameters, despite being represented by younger communities. Both methods showed trends toward the parameters values found in reference ecosystem, but Rs method, if it remain the current way, can reach these values more quickly, which reduces maintenance costs and management. Such evidence shows that the use of exotic grasses for initial covering of mined areas is not necessary in projects aimed at forest restoration of mining areas, as these hinder the restoration of forest dynamics. Additionally, we proved to be possible to recover the bauxite mined areas with more ambitious ecological goals, aiming at the return of pre-disturbance conditions.

Ecological restorations have become increasingly important as humans have made irreversible changes to ecosystems; biogeochemical cycle alterations and land use changes have led to degraded conditions (Vitousek et al. 1997a). While some modifications to the environment are unavoidable, society is beginning to realize that changes are necessary. While some ecosystem functions may be beyond repair (e.g., biodiversity loss and extinction of species), it is important that the problem is faced head on and those functions that are still salvageable be restored. These environmental repairs can be done through ecological restoration. I looked at two different ecosystems, prairie streams and agricultural streams, that have undergone restoration to help functions. Patch-burn grazing (PBG) is increasingly used as a management practice on the few remaining tallgrass prairie parcels in an effort to simulate effects of large ungulate grazers. Yet, little is known about potential impacts and recovery of aquatic habitats from this management approach. My objective was to assess the influence of PBG with cattle on prairie streams and build on previous research at this site. I hypothesized that cattle grazing would negatively impact water quality and reduce stream biotic integrity, but riparian fencing would mitigate these impacts. We also assessed stream recovery for two years following the removal of ungulates from the study sites and hypothesized that biological and chemical effects would reverse. Six headwater streams (two controls, two PBG with 10 m fenced riparian zones, and two PBG with unfenced riparian zones) on Osage Prairie, Missouri, were sampled over seven years (2009-2015) encompassing pre-PBG (2 years), PBG (3 years), and post-PBG (2 years) periods. Macroinvertebrates and water chemistry were sampled monthly. Nitrate (NO3-) concentrations increased in the fenced and unfenced watersheds compared to the control watersheds (p = 0.015 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and between the fenced and unfenced watersheds (p = 0.001) during the PBG period relative to pre-PBG. Total phosphorus (TP) increased in the fenced and unfenced watersheds after grazing began compared to the control (both p < 0.0001) but did not differ between the fenced and unfenced watersheds (p = 0.187). Relative Chironomidae biomass and abundance increased in the unfenced watersheds in response to grazing (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001, respectively). No differences were observed in relative Chironomidae biomass and abundance, NO3-, and TP from pre-PBG to post-PBG indicating the recovery of these metrics. Results suggest that the negative effects of PBG on prairie streams can be somewhat mitigated by riparian fencing. Additionally, these streams are relatively resilient to PBG and recovery can take place during a rest cycle as brief as two years. Approximately one billion dollars is spent annually on restorations of degraded stream reaches in the United States. However, few projects are monitored upon completion, or monitoring focuses on a single parameter. Other than modifications to physical attributes of streams, the influence of restoration projects on ecosystem processes remains largely unknown. We sampled eleven Midwestern streams that had undergone habitat restorations from 3-15 years prior to sampling. Restoration techniques included in-stream habitat enhancements, bank stabilization, and riparian restoration. We predicted that gross primary production (GPP) would be lower in restored streams due to decreased nutrient inputs, and that respiration would be greater due to increased litter inputs from restored riparian areas. We also hypothesized that the restored streams would have greater invertebrate richness, abundance, and biomass, as well as high densities of intolerant taxa such as Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) due to higher water quality and better habitat. Restored reaches and unrestored upstream reaches were sampled for physical characteristics, water chemistry, benthic algal biomass, whole-stream metabolism, and macroinvertebrate communities. GPP in restored sites was marginally higher than unrestored sites (t5 = 2.53, p = 0.05), despite no differences in PO4-3, NO3-, or NH4+ concentrations. Three restored sites were autotrophic (P/R > 1), while four unrestored sites were heterotrophic. Total macroinvertebrate biomass was marginally higher in the restored sites compared to unrestored sites (t10 = 1.94; p = 0.08). EPT biomass was also marginally higher in restored sites than unrestored sites (t10 = 1.91; p = 0.09) but no difference was observed in EPT abundance. Results suggest that stream habitat restorations enhance some, but not all ecosystem processes and marginally enhance macroinvertebrate communities.

Over the last 30 years, Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge in Southern Illinois has made a strong and well-documented effort to convert agricultural lands to forest to further their mission of wildlife and habitat conservation. Our research seeks to assess the influence that this land use conversion has on ecological function and to establish ecological indicators of successful restoration. We examined five potential soil-based indicators of ecological function across a chronosequence of afforested sites at the refuge and compared them to nearby row crop agricultural sites and mature forest sites with similar soils and landscape positions. Collected soil samples were analyzed for total carbon, total nitrogen, labile carbon, aggregate stability, and bulk density. Soil texture analysis was also conducted to validate comparisons among sites. The data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance comparing land uses as well as linear regression analyses looking at the influence of age since restoration on an index value created by subtracting the soil indicator value of the nearby agricultural site from that of the forested site. The index value was used as the dependent variable in order to control for variation among sites and isolate the influence of age. Aggregate stability and labile carbon were positively correlated with age since restoration and bulk density was negatively correlated with age since restoration. These three soil parameters were promising indicators of restored ecological function in afforested sites. Target values for these indicators were proposed. Our results help to determine the timeframe in which these ecological functions return following restoration and can be used to assess the success of current and future afforestation projects.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Architecture.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the experimental properties of zirconia-based ceramics. METHODS: Zirconia bars were veneered to 2mm total thickness. Veneering-method groups included: 1.Hand-layered feldsparthic porcelain (VM=VitaVM9,Vident) and fluorapatite glass-ceramic (CR=IPSe.maxCeram,IvoclarVivadent); 2.Pressed feldspathic porcelain (PM=VitaPM9,Vident) and fluorapatite glass-ceramic (ZP=IPSe.maxZirPress,IvoclarVivadent); 3.CAD/CAM milled feldspathic ceramic (TF=VitablocsTriluxeForte,Vident) and lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic (CAD=IPSe.maxCAD,IvoclarVivadent). CAD/CAM veneers were either cemented with resin cements (P=Panavia21,KurarayDental), (R=RelyXUltimate,3M ESPE), (M=MultilinkAutomix,IvoclarVivadent) or fused with fusion glass-ceramic (C=CrystalConnect,IvoclarVivadent). A Three-point-bending test was performed. For group VM,PM,TF-M,TF-C,CAD-M,CAD-C, ten more bars were prepared and aged with cyclic loading and thermocycling before testing. Zirconia bars (PrettauZirconia,Zirkonzahn;inCorisTZI,Sirona;ZirluxFC,PentronCeramics) specimens were prepared and polished. The specimens were divided into 3 groups: control, self-glaze fired, and glazed groups. A Three-point bending test was performed. Veneered zirconia crowns were made. Feldspathic porcelain was applied to zirconia coping. Bevel cut on porcelain was made to simulate porcelain chipping. The crowns were then divided into 4 different groups according to repair materials including: 1.Conventional-resin composite (TetricEvoCeram,IvoclarVivadent) 2.Flowable-resin composite (G-aenialUniversalFlo,GCamerica) 3.Cemented CAD/CAM milled feldspathic ceramic (VitaTriluxForte,Vident) 4.Cemented CAD/CAM milled lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic (IPSe.maxCAD,IvoclarVivadent). Each crown underwent thermocycling. The test was performed by loading force on the center of repaired part to record load-to-failure. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the failure loads of non-aged bilayered veneer-zirconia bars. Aging experiment revealed a significant difference in failure load between non-aged and aged bars in groups VM and PM, but not in the groups with CAD/CAM milled veneers. There was significant influence of surface treatments on flexural strength of zirconia specimens. Post-hoc test showed that glazed group had significant lower flexural strength than other groups. Crowns repaired with CAD/CAM ceramics showed significant higher failure load than resin composite. Repairing with lithium-disilicate glass ceramic yielded the highest load-to-failure of the specimens. CONCLUSIONS: - Veneer materials, veneering methods, and cement materials have a significant effect on the failure load of bilayered veneer- zirconia. CAD/CAM veneer-zirconia is not susceptible to aging performed in this study. - Glazing decreased the flexural strength of high translucent zirconia. - Veneered zirconia crowns repaired with CAD/CAM ceramic materials have significantly higher load-to-failure than veneered crowns repaired with resin composite. / 2018-09-28T00:00:00Z

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Objetivos: O objetivo deste ensaio clínico randomizado foi avaliar o comportamento de restaurações de resina composta bulk-fill em dentes posteriores (classes I e II). Metodologia: Dezessete pacientes que necessitavam de restaurações em pelo menos dois dentes posteriores foram selecionados para participar do estudo. As causas para indicação das restaurações foram: substituição de restauração deficiente de amálgama ou resina composta e/ou lesão de cárie. Em cada paciente foram realizadas duas restaurações. Randomicamente, uma cavidade foi restaurada com a resina nanohíbrida Esthet-X HD (grupo controle) e a outra restaurada com a resina Esthet-X HD associada à resina de baixa contração Surefil SDR Flow (grupo teste). Em ambos os grupos, um sistema adesivo convencional de dois passos (XP Bond) foi utilizado. Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento global para a atividade cariosa. Após um período de quatro anos, a qualidade das restaurações foi avaliada por 1 examinador previamente calibrado, através de uma modificação do método USPHS e através do método FDI. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste não-paramétrico Mann-Whitney (p<0,05) e a concordância intra-observador avaliada através de teste Kappa. Resultados: No quarto ano de acompanhamento, 26 dentes (18 restaurações classe I e 8 classe II) foram avaliadas, e não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as restaurações dos grupos controle e teste para os métodos de avaliação utilizados. Não houve falhas em nenhuma das restaurações ao longo do tempo. Conclusão: A qualidade das restaurações classe I e II com resina bulk-fill foi semelhante à das restaurações com resina nanohíbrida convencional. A técnica com resina bulk-fill mostrou bom desempenho clínico tão bom quanto a convencional durante os 4 anos de acompanhamento. / Objectives: The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the behavior of bulk-fill composite restorations in posterior teeth (classes I and II). Methodology: Seventeen patients who required restorations on at least two posterior teeth were selected to participate in the study. The causes for indication of restorations were: replacement of deficient amalgam or composite resin restoration and/or caries lesion. In each patient, two restorations were performed. Randomly, one cavity was restored with Esthet-X HD nanohybrid composite (control group) and the other was restored with Esthet-X HD resin associated with the bulk-fill composite Surefil SDR Flow (test group). In both groups, a two-step total-etch adhesive system (XP Bond) was used. All patients received global treatment for carious activity. After a period of four years, the quality of the restorations was evaluated by a previously calibrated examiner, through a modification of the USPHS method and through the FDI method. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (p <0.05) and the intra-observer agreement was evaluated by Kappa test. Results: At the 4-year follow-up, 26 teeth (18 class I and 8 class II restorations) were evaluated, and no statistically significant differences between control and test groups were observed for both evaluation methods used. There were no failures in any of the restorations over time. Conclusion: The quality of class I and II restorations with bulk-fill resin was similar to that of conventional nanohybrid resin. The bulk-fill composite technique showed good clinical performance as well as the conventional one during the 4 years of follow-up.

Orientador: Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da Silva / Banca: Edson Seizo Mori / Banca: João Nakagawa / Resumo: A constante pressão sofrida pelas áreas de vegetação nativa, causada pela ação antrópica, requerem estudos que visem aperfeiçoar as técnicas de conservação e a restauração ambiental. Desta forma torna-se importante o estudo do banco de sementes do solo de áreas mineradas, para possibilitar maior compreensão da composição do solo, seu potencial para a regeneração natural, sucessão ecológica e possível impacto da atividade sobre o solo. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a composição florística do banco de sementes do solo (na serrapilheira e a cinco cm de profundidade) de uma área minerada (região coberta por Capim Gordura) e de seu entorno (Mata Atlântica, Cerrado, Canga e populações de Eucalipto) e avaliar a contribuição em sementes do entorno na área minerada pela companhia Vale no município de Sabará, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os pontos de coleta foram definidos através de uma Amostragem Aleatória e Sistemática (AAS), totalizando quatro pontos para cada tipo de composição vegetal. Em cada ponto de coleta foram realizadas duas repetições igualmente espaçadas a 20 metros, sempre no sentido Leste-Oeste. Em cada repetição foi coletado a serrapilheira e o solo com o uso de um gabarito vazado de 25cm x 25cm x 5cm . A serrapilheira foi coletada manualmente e o solo foi coletado após a penetração do gabarito até atingir cinco cm de profundidade. Todas as amostras coletadas foram armazenadas em sacos plásticos de 100 litros e identificadas. Após a coleta as amostras foram mantidas em salas climatizadas a 20°C e, em seguida, transferidas para vasilhas plásticas e mantidas em viveiro. No viveiro as amostras foram protegidas com telas de 50% de sombreamento. As amostras foram monitoradas diariamente e a cada quinze dias foi realizado a contagem das ... / Abstract: The constant pressure under native vegetation, caused by human activities, requires studies aimed at the improving of conservation techniques and environmental restoration. Therefore, it is important to study the soil seed bank composition in mined areas, enabling greater understanding of soil composition, its potential for natural regeneration, ecological succession and possible impacts of this activity on the ground. This study aimed to identify the floristic composition of the soil seed bank (in the litter and at five cm deep) of a mined area (area covered by fat grass) and its surroundings (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Canga and populations of Eucalyptus) and evaluate the contribution of the surrounding seeds in the mined area by Vale company in the city of Sabará, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The collection points were defined by a Random and Systematics Sampling (RSS), totaling four points for each type of vegetation composition. In each collection point were performed two repetitions equally spaced at 20 meters, always in the East-West direction. In each repetition was collected litter and soil using a gauging device of 25cm x 25cm x 5cm. Litter was collected manually and the soil was collected after penetration feedback up to five cm deep. All collected samples were stored in plastic bags of 100 liters and identified. After collection the samples were kept in climatized rooms at 20 ° C and then transferred to plastic pots and maintained in the nursery. In the nursery the samples were protected with 50% shading screens. Samples were monitored daily and in each 15 days was conducted the count of emerged seedlings and species identification. It is concluded that the soil seed bank (litter and soil at 5 cm deep) showed 885 emerged seedlings, distributed in 55 species and 22 families, ... / Mestre

Magister Artium - MA / The mini-thesis will examine the conservation of colonial historic buildings at Old Umtali (today Mutare) in Zimbabwe and the changes that have affected the buildings in terms of use and maintenance of their architectural character. There has been a shift in heritage management priorities in Zimbabwe and all heritage linked to colonialism has been supplanted by archaeological and liberation war heritage. The result is that the category of colonial heritage which includes historic buildings, forts and memorials have been neglected and vandalised. Various international frameworks in the conservation of buildings will be referred to in this research in examining related questions of urban heritage management. The dichotomy that exists between conservation and adaptive reuse of historic buildings as these issues have unfolded at Old Umtali, a former colonial town with historic buildings constructed in 1891 will be at the centre of this interrogation. Notwithstanding the changes in heritage management priorities in Zimbabwe, the irony is that heritage practitioners are still obliged to conserve historic buildings by legislation. This work then attempts to place back the question of conserving historic buildings on the conservation agenda for a post-colonial Zimbabwe. I argue that historic buildings should be conserved and used for different contemporary purposes and at the same time becoming the subject of interpretative work. Questions can then be asked about the experience of colonialism and the various movements of the Pioneer Column in Zimbabwe using the case study of Old Umtali. In this thesis conservation of historic buildings is not just a technical question but is also seen as an intellectual, epistemological and political question.

Orientador: Vera Lex Engel / Coorientador: João Luís Ferreira Batista / Banca: Maria José Brito Zakia / Banca: Renata Evangelista de Oliveira / Resumo: O cenário de uso e ocupação do solo no território brasileiro converge para necessidade de promover a restauração florestal em larga escala. Na busca por desenvolver modelos de plantio com finalidade econômica, pesquisas sobre espécies nativas potenciais para silvicultura têm se tornado cada vez mais relevantes. O presente estudo buscou avaliar o desempenho silvicultural de vinte espécies nativas em sistemas de plantio puros e mistos, além do desempenho de seis dessas espécies em três plantações mistas voltadas a produção de madeira sólida. Variáveis de crescimento foram coletadas anualmente para 35 árvores de cada espécie ao longo de sete, cinco e quatro anos em plantações que apresentavam no ano de 2018, doze, oito e quatro anos de idade, respectivamente. Foram estabelecidos critérios para categorização das espécies de acordo com características desejáveis a produção de madeira, como fustes longos e retilíneos e taxas de incremento diamétrico. Para comparação do desempenho silvicultural das espécies nas diferentes plantações avaliadas foram construídos gráficos de dispersão das variáveis de interesse em função da idade. Modelos de regressão foram utilizados para averiguar se o comportamento das espécies variou de acordo com o sistema de plantio. Dentre as vinte espécies avaliadas, seis foram classificadas como de alto potencial para silvicultura, Cariniana legalis, Zeyheria tuberculosa, Cabralea canjerana, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cariniana estrellensis e Calophyllum bra... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Current land use and setting in Brazilian territory indicate the necessity to promote large-scale forest restoration. In search for develop models of planting for economic purpose, researches on potential native species for silviculture have become increasingly relevant. The present study aimed to evaluate silvicultural performance of twenty native species in pure and mixed planting systems, as well as performance of six of these species in three mixed plantations focused on production of solid wood. Growth variables were collected annually for 35 trees of each species over seven, five and four years in plantations that in the year of 2018 had twelve, eight and four years of age, respectively. Criteria were established for categorization of species according to desirable wood production characteristics, such as long and rectilinear stems and rates of diametric increase. In order to compare silviculture performance of the species in the different evaluated plantations, dispersion graphs of the variables of interest were constructed according to age. Regression models were used to determine if the performance of the species varied according to the planting system. Among twenty evaluated species, six were classified as high potential for silviculture, Cariniana legalis, Zeyheria tuberculosa, Cabralea canjerana, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cariniana estrellensis and Calophyllum brasiliense, seven as intermediate potential and seven as low potential. Among intermediate potential species, three of them presented high growth rates, Dalbergia nigra, Paratecoma peroba and Parapiptadenia rigida, but showed strong tortuosities and early branching. Cordia trichotoma, categorized as intermediate potential, had superior performance in the most recent plantations, appearing as a promising species for inclusion in restoration projects. All twenty species presented some distinction in the silviculture performance ... / Mestre