No description available.

While restoring hyporheic flowpaths has been cited as a benefit to stream restoration structures, little documentation exists confirming that constructed restoration structures induce hyporheic exchange comparable to natural stream features. This study compares a stream restoration structure (cross-vane) to a natural feature (riffle) concurrently in the same stream reach using time-lapsed electrical resistivity (ER) tomography. Using this hydrogeophysical approach, I am able to quantify hyporheic extent and transport beneath the cross-vane structure and riffle. I interpret from the geophysical data that the cross-vane and natural riffle induced spatially and temporally unique hyporheic extent and transport, and the cross-vane created both spatially larger and temporally longer hyporheic flowpaths than the natural riffle. Tracer from the 4.67-hr injection was detected along flowpaths for 4.6-hrs at the cross-vane and 4.2-hrs at the riffle. The spatial extent of the hyporheic zone at the cross-vane was 12% larger than at the riffle. I compare ER results of this study to vertical fluxes calculated from temperature profiles and conclude significant differences in the interpretation of hyporheic transport from these different field techniques. Results of this study demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in transport metrics at both the cross-vane and riffle and significant differences between the hyporheic flowpath networks at the two different features. Our results suggest that restoration structures may be capable of creating sufficient exchange flux and residence times to achieve the same ecological functions as natural features, but engineering of the physical and biogeochemical environment may be necessary to realize those benefits.

Interest in the restoration of landscapes native to the Intermountain West is growing as the value of these arid ecosystems is increasingly recognized. Many landscapes within the Intermountain region have been impacted by grazing, development, recreation, and other human-caused disturbances. The complex relationships within the native plant communities of these arid landscapes need to be well-understood biologically, while considering their aesthetic contribution, if restoration efforts are to succeed. Although the use of ecologically appropriate native species is increasing in popularity, there is discontinuity between aesthetics and meaningful ecological contributions. A series of studies was designed to aid in the restoration of a site located at the Utah Botanical Center in Kaysville, Utah. The restoration site is situated along the I- 15 corridor which interfaces urban development. The high visibility and educational purpose of the site requires that aesthetic as well as ecological concerns are addressed in the restoration of the native plant community. Specifically, the establishment of Intermountain grassland species was assessed using a variety of methods to test establishment rates as well as the potential value to the system of biologically fixed nitrogen provided by native legumes early within the establishment period.

Abstract not available

The aims of this project were to: 1. further develop the evaluation systems of Westman (1986), Chapman and Underwood (2000) and Wilkins et al (2004) proposed for the assessment of restored ecosystems; and 2. use these developments to evaluate whether the revegetation of agricultural land on the Cumberland Plain, west of Sydney, NSW, has led to the re-establishment of a grassy woodland. The evaluation system developed in this Thesis was designed to compare three key ecosystem attributes. First, to assess how restoration was progressing, the species richness, composition and vegetation structure of abandoned pasture (starting point), was compared to that of restored vegetation of differing ages (putative mid points), and remnants (goal or end point). Refinements of the previous assessment models included formulation of predictions about native and exotic species richness and composition under the assumption that restoration was succeeding, and explicit testing of these predictions by planned comparisons and trajectory analysis of species composition. Second, the small-scale effects of planted tree canopies on species composition were assessed to test the hypothesis that native tree canopies facilitate the return of natives. Third, the effects of fire and neighbour removal on seedling emergence and establishment in pasture, restored vegetation and remnants were examined to explore what factors controlled germination and establishment. The results of this study indicate that to date, there has been a partial success of the restoration program at the study sites: while native species have returned unaided to restored sites, the trajectory of native species composition was not in the direction of remnants. There was however, increased species richness of exotic species detected underneath planted tree canopies. Patterns of seedling emergence observed in this study suggest that recruitment plays a role in the maintenance of the species composition found in restored vegetation, with seedling emergence dominated by exotics The evaluation methodology developed within this Thesis is a transparent and accurate way to measure ecological changes in vegetation that have occurred as a result of restoration.The restoration evaluation methodology further developed here will be useful to an industry that involves tree planting, landcare, revegetation and bush regeneration. It will complement guidelines provided by government and other sources that advise on practical aspects of revegetation and will be one of the few which have examined the success of revegetation in ecological terms that are founded on sound scientific basis. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Connectivity in ecological systems is a broad concept that embodies the transmission of ecosystem components throughout landscapes at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Of relevance to the present study are the connections (or lack thereof) among local populations of stream fauna - population connectivity in lotic systems. Dispersal, recolonisation and migration are the demographic forms of population connectivity, and gene flow is the genetic aspect of population connectivity. Both forms of population connectivity have underpinned some of the classic theories and hypotheses in stream ecology, and have implications for pure and applied stream ecology, including ecosystem restoration. Conceptual models in ecology can facilitate understanding and predictability of the ecosystem processes they represent, and have potential applicability as management tools or 'rules of thumb' in conservation and restoration programs. Various theoretical models describe potential patterns of connectivity among local populations and in this thesis these models were used to evaluate population connectivity in a freshwater fish (southern pygmy perch, Nannoperca australis) and two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of freshwater shrimp (Paratya spp.) in small, geomorphically degraded streams in south eastern Australia. These streams (the Granite Creeks) have been the focus of a recent habitat restoration trial and several studies have examined fish and macroinvertebrate community responses to the experiment. It was the purpose of this study to contribute information about population connectivity in the selected species to complement these community ecology studies. Population connectivity was examined in these species using molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data) and natural abundance isotopic signatures of nitrogen and carbon. At the landscape scale, results showed that populations of N. australis and the P. australiensis lineages were isolated among the streams and among sites within streams, and that there was no consistent pattern of isolation-by-distance in genetic data for any species. Thus, classic models of population connectivity, such as the Island Model and Stepping-Stone Model, were not supported by this study. Results indicated that population models that incorporated more complex aspects of stream structure may be more appropriate than these classic models for approximating observed patterns of population connectivity in lotic systems. The Stream Hierarchy Model (SHM) predicts that the hierarchical aspect of stream structure (i.e. stream confluences) have a dominant role in shaping patterns of population connectivity in lotic fauna, whereby populations among streams are more isolated than those within them. Although stream confluences were found to have an important role in population subdivision for the species examined in this study, the expectations of the SHM were met for only N. australis. For the P. australiensis lineages, the influence of topography (i.e. the longitudinal aspect of stream structure) was just as important as stream confluences in isolating local populations. Large-scale determinants of population isolation were thus found to be associated with both the hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure, and were not well represented by any single theoretical model of population connectivity. At within-stream scales, upland populations tended to be extremely isolated from other populations and had temporally stable genetic signatures. In contrast, lowland populations were connected to other lowland populations within the same stream to a greater degree, although the connections were patchy and a slight signature of temporal instability in the genetic data was evident for one of the P. australiensis lineages. Thus, metapopulation or patchy population models were found to represent connections among lowland populations within the same stream, although they were not appropriate for describing connectivity among upland populations. This finding highlights the importance of the longitudinal aspect of stream structure in shaping ecological patterns in lotic systems, and demonstrates that local patterns of population connectivity can vary over relatively small spatial scales. Overall, the results illustrate that both hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure can have important roles in isolating populations of stream fauna. They therefore also represent constraints for the ability of aquatic fauna to colonise restored habitat in streams. The corollary of this, however, is that such isolated populations of stream fauna represent appropriate population units at which to target habitat restoration. The hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure may thus represent 'rules of thumb' or 'landscape filters' that stream restoration ecologists could use to predict likely isolated populations of lotic fauna across the landscape. Such a 'rule of thumb' might be the inclusion of multiple isolated population units in restoration programs, as this strategy is likely to generate the greatest biological response to the restoration at the landscape scale, particularly with respect to intra-specific genetic diversity captured by restoration. At small spatial scales, such as for a single stream or tributary, the longitudinal aspect of stream structure can be an important factor to consider when designing stream habitat restoration programs. In this study, lowland sites were unstable and there were patchy connections among local lowland populations within the same stream, whereas upland populations were isolated at this scale. In contrast, other studies have found that upstream populations of some species can be connected in a patchy fashion in other systems. For such unstable sections of stream, where there are patchy patterns of local population connectivity, the inclusion of multiple restored patches, especially refugial habitat, is likely to produce the greatest biotic response at the patch scale, particularly with respect to demographic responses (such as local colonisation). Multiple restored refugial patches will enable species to persist throughout the stream section during adverse environmental conditions, will allow for variation in local movement patterns and distances between species and between years with contrasting environment conditions (e.g. stream flow), and may harbour different species assemblages and intraspecific genotypes due to stochastic processes (i.e. have functional heterogeneity). The hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure are thus important determinants of population connectivity at both large and small spatial scales, and have implications for how stream biota will respond to restoration at patch and landscape scales.

Abstract This thesis describes research into the field of image restoration. Restoration is a process by which an image suffering some form of distortion or degradation can be recovered to its original form. Two primary concepts within this field have been investigated. The first concept is the use of a Hopfield neural network to implement the constrained least square error method of image restoration. In this thesis, the author reviews previous neural network restoration algorithms in the literature and builds on these algorithms to develop a new faster version of the Hopfield neural network algorithm for image restoration. The versatility of the neural network approach is then extended by the author to deal with the cases of spatially variant distortion and adaptive regularisation. It is found that using the Hopfield-based neural network approach, an image suffering spatially variant degradation can be accurately restored without a substantial penalty in restoration time. In addition, the adaptive regularisation restoration technique presented in this thesis is shown to produce superior results when compared to non-adaptive techniques and is particularly effective when applied to the difficult, yet important, problem of semi-blind deconvolution. The second concept investigated in this thesis, is the difficult problem of incorporating concepts involved in human visual perception into image restoration techniques. In this thesis, the author develops a novel image error measure which compares two images based on the differences between local regional statistics rather than pixel level differences. This measure more closely corresponds to the way humans perceive the differences between two images. Two restoration algorithms are developed by the author based on versions of the novel image error measure. It is shown that the algorithms which utilise this error measure have improved performance and produce visually more pleasing images in the cases of colour and grayscale images under high noise conditions. Most importantly, the perception based algorithms are shown to be extremely tolerant of faults in the restoration algorithm and hence are very robust. A number of experiments have been performed to demonstrate the performance of the various algorithms presented.

Women diagnosed with breast cancer and who have the disease surgically treated by mastectomy experience a health crisis. This thesis focused on the behaviours, feelings and attitudes of women during their breast cancer and mastectomy experiences. The overall purpose was to identify therapeutic factors that can be used by health professionals to improve the psychological and physiological well-being of women with this disease. The conceptual scaffolding for the thesis was drawn from the fields of perceptual psychology and decision-making. The thesis was supported by a study that examined specific areas concerning the breast cancer and mastectomy experience. These areas were self-perceptions, the psychological milieu resulting from a breast cancer diagnosis, and post-mastectomy breast restoration decision-making. The population included: a prosthesis group of 64 women who had mastectomies and wore external breast prostheses, a reconstruction group of 31 women who had mastectomies and underwent breast reconstructions, a control A group of 75 women who had not experienced mastectomy, and a control B group of 65 women who also had not experienced mastectomy. Self-perceptions: The perceptions of the prosthesis, reconstruction and control A groups regarding their body-image, self-concept, total self-image, and self-esteem were compared by using Polivy's (1977) Body-Image Scale and Rosenberg's (1965) Self-Esteem Scale. The body-image, total self-image, and self-esteem mean scores indicated that the prosthesis and reconstruction groups had more positive feelings regarding their bodies than did the control group. There were no significant differences in self-concept among the three groups. These findings challenge a common assumption that mastectomy automatically results in psychiatric morbidity caused by an altered body-image and suggest that health professionals should not make assumptions about how a woman will psychologically respond to mastectomy. Quality of life perceptions were compared among the prosthesis, reconstruction and control B groups using the Ferrans and Powers (1985) Quality of Life Index. The mean scores of the prosthesis and reconstruction groups were higher than the control group's scores, with higher scores indicating more positive quality of life perceptions. The findings suggest that the women in the mastectomy samples had found ways to cope with their health crises. Over time, they learned not to define all existence in terms of a cancer diagnosis and had gained or maintained a positive perspective on life. Post-mastectomy attitudes in the prosthesis and the reconstruction groups were compared. Using the Mastectomy Attitude Scale the results indicated that both groups were satisfied with their bodies, had a positive outlook towards their lives, implied that sexuality entailed more than having breasts, and felt that mastectomy treatment was necessary to save their lives. Neither group concealed that they had a mastectomy, nor were the women prone to discuss their mastectomy experiences. The findings from the study indicate that the women post-mastectomy already had or developed positive attitudes towards themselves and life in general and the method chosen for breast restoration had no apparent impact on these attitudes. The self-perception data indicated that women do adjust and cope with breast cancer surgically treated by mastectomy. These women should be encouraged by health professionals to develop a helping relationship with other women who are newly diagnosed with the disease. This alliance could engender hope in those women who are beginning their journey along a similar road to survival. More hope for these women and less fatalism would decrease their sense of crisis and facilitate their abilities to take an active part in the decision-making processes relating to their treatment. Psychological Milieu: The women in the prosthesis and the reconstruction groups were interviewed about their breast cancer and mastectomy experiences. The findings supported the premise that receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer plunged the women into a health crisis and caused an instant disruption to their lives. The women found that they had to suddenly deal with several complex issues all at the same time, such as what must be done in the immediate future to treat the cancer, as well as the more frightening issues of the meaning of the illness on their ultimate life expectancy. All of this turmoil played havoc with their ability to make informed decisions regarding their breast cancer treatment alternatives. This finding suggests the need for more individualised interventions and support for women when they are making decisions during this stressful period. Health professionals need to keep in mind that simply hearing the word "cancer" often prevents a person from assimilating the complete diagnosis, indicated treatments, and possible prognosis. Therefore, care-givers must be prepared to repeat and elaborate upon information previously given to the affected individual and the family. Breast Restoration Decision-Making: To evaluate the prosthesis and the reconstruction groups' abilities to undertake competent breast restoration decision-making, a 5 Stage process was devised, modelled after Janis and Mann's (1977) seven criteria for competent decision-making. Analysis of the data revealed that both groups displayed passive information seeking behaviour in relation to breast restoration alternatives. They had either no knowledge or limited knowledge regarding the alternatives. Their lack of knowledge was due either to (1) anxiety about their disease, or (2) deficiencies in the interpersonal skills of individuals presenting information to them, or (3) the perceptions that they had insufficient time to gather information, or (4) a combination of these factors. Because the prosthesis and the reconstruction groups were under stress they used coping styles to accomplish decision-making. To measure their coping styles five categories were defined, based on Janis and Mann's (1977) conflict model of emergency decisionmaking and Simon's (1957) notion of "bounded rationality". Two styles emerged. The prosthesis group used the "Sideliner" style that allowed the women to make a quick, conflict-free decision. They were not aware of alternative choices resulting in their decision-making experience being uncomplicated and effortless. The reconstruction group used the "Contented" style that also allowed them an uncomplicated and effortless decision-making experience. The women decided that breast reconstruction was their only viable option. Many of them did not even think that they had made a decision about an alternative because of the strong salience towards breast reconstruction. A breast restoration decision-making model has been developed and proposed for women to use when considering their alternatives. This model offers to health professionals and women a realistic and useable decision-making process that can be implemented when individuals are experiencing a health crisis. The model can be modified and used for numerous situations that require decisions regarding treatment alternatives. This inquiry has demonstrated that there is a need for a specific health professional to assist women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. This individual would assume several roles that include one of advocacy for the women, and the important role of ensuring that these individuals have the information and knowledge to make competent decisions regarding their breast cancer treatments.

Thesis (M.A.)--Cincinnati Christian Seminary, 1987. Thesis (M.R.E.)--Cincinnati Christian Seminary, 1987. / Typescripts. Abstract (untitled). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-43).

Thesis (D.Min.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references and vita.