A modelagem de serviços ecossistêmicos hidrológicos é uma ferramenta auxiliar na tomada de decisões para investimento financeiro em práticas de uso da terra e em projetos para a restauração florestal. Em virtude da necessidade de melhoria no provimento desses serviços ao menor custo de investimento para o Sistema Cantareira, este trabalho teve o objetivo de simular cenários para avaliação de atividades de transição do uso e cobertura da terra e identificação de áreas prioritáriass, considerando critérios ambientais, sociais e políticos. A região do estudo compreende um complexo hidráulico de transposição de bacias dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) para a bacia do Alto Tietê, que possui a finalidade de abastecimento de água para a região metropolitana de São Paulo. Foram utilizados os modelos InVEST e RIOS, ferramentas compostas por métodos consagrados da literatura científica, como a equação universal da perda de solo e o balanço hídrico de massa em bacias. São modelos baseados na valoração do capital natural, utilizados para a avaliação da exportação de sedimentos e produção de escoamento base, de acordo com o valor de investimento e o custo de atividades, respectivamente. As atividades definidas para transição compreenderam a alteração das áreas agrícolas de pastagem para sistema agroflorestal (silvipastoril), a restauração florestal assistida e a regeneração natural. A diferença entre os cenários foi a adoção das atividades propostas e o montante de recursos a ser aplicado por sub-bacia. Os melhores cenários para redução na exportação de sedimentos foram avaliados em relação à transição na área total de drenagem e para a produção hídrica sazonal. O modelo RIOS demonstrou maior sensibilidade aos custos das atividades de transição e à efetividade no controle da erosão, sendo que, os critérios aplicados para áreas preferenciais demonstraram um bom resultado na priorização das áreas. No modelo InVEST foi possível identificar as sub-bacias que apresentaram maior exportação de sedimentos e os cenários com melhor resultado para a diminuição, identificados como plantio e regeneração. A regeneração demonstrou ser a atividade com melhor benefício, com redução de 33,20% e aumento de 24,10% no escoamento base, quando considerada a área preferencial de transição em APP, declividade até 25% e vertentes de face sul, para a distribuição de áreas pelo modelo. / The modeling of hydrological ecosystem services is an auxiliary tool in decision making for financial investment in land use practices and in forest restoration projects. Due to the need for improvement in the provision of these services at the lowest investment cost for the Cantareira System, this work aimed to simulate scenarios for the evaluation of land use and land cover transition activities and identification of priority areas, with environmental, social and political criteria. The study area comprises a hydraulic complex for the transposition of the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins into the Alto Tietê basin, which has the purpose of supplying water to the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The InVEST and RIOS models, composed by scientific tools approaches as university soil loss equation and water mass balance in watersheds. They are based on the valuation of natural capital, used for the evaluation of sediment exports and production of base flow, according the investment value and cost of activities, respectively. The activities defined for transition included the change from pasture to agroforestry (agroforestry pasture), assisted forest restoration and natural regeneration. The difference between the scenarios was the adoption of the proposed activities and the amount of resources to be applied in each watershed. The best scenarios for the reduction of sediment exports were evaluated in relation to the transition in the total drainage area and for seasonal water production. The RIOS model showed greater sensitivity to the costs of transition activities and erosion control effectiveness, and the criteria applied to preferential areas showed a good result in the prioritization of the areas. In the InVEST model, it was possible to identify the watersheds that had the highest export of sediments and the scenarios with the best result for the decrease, identified as planting and regeneration. Regeneration was the most favored activity, with a reduction of 33.20% and 24.10% of increase in the base flow, when considering the transition in APP, the slope by 25% and south face slopes as choose criteria to model distribution areas.

Dans le contexte actuel de crise écologique, les actions sur la nature sont le plus souvent pensées comme s’appuyant sur des savoirs scientifiques objectifs et neutres qu’il suffirait de mobiliser. Dans cette thèse, je propose d’explorer l’articulation entre savoirs et actions, en examinant les intrications entre savoirs écologiques, valeurs collectives et conceptions de la nature. J’étudie en particulier les discours relatifs à trois types d’action (conservation en réserve naturelle, évaluation d’impact environnemental et restauration écologique) en m’appuyant sur un terrain d’étude où elles s’incarnent, la plaine de Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Tout d’abord, j’examine en quoi les différents types de savoirs écologiques mobilisés lors des actions sur la nature sont liés, en plus des contraintes internes aux formes d’action environnementale et de l’applicabilité des connaissances sur le terrain, aux savoirs de référence et engagements des acteurs, ainsi qu’aux trajectoires historiques de ces savoirs et de ces actions. Ensuite, j’explicite la manière dont les valeurs de scientificité véhiculées par la mobilisation de ces savoirs dans le but d’augmenter la crédibilité de l’action entrent en tension avec d’autres valeurs présentes dans les actions environnementales, notamment l’exigence de légitimité. Enfin, j’explore la façon dont ces savoirs se fondent sur certains partis-pris ontologiques concernant nos relations avec les milieux naturels, et qui conditionnent nos manières d’agir. À partir de ces éclairages, je suggère quelques pistes pour savoir agir avec la nature face aux enjeux écologiques actuels. / In the current regime of ecological crisis, one generally expects actions and decisions about environmental issues to be enlighten by scientific knowledge. The aim of this thesis is to challenge this view by investigating how ecological knowledge and actions on nature are linked. I propose to study the interweaving between ecological knowledge, collective values and conceptions of nature in documents related to three types of actions (conservation in a nature reserve, environmental impact assessment, and ecological restoration). I lean on a field study where these actions are embodied, the plain of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). First, I examine how different types of ecological knowledge are translated in (and are influenced in return by) specific actions. I show that, in addition to the practical constraints of any action, this mutual relation is shaped by scientific cultural dynamics, as well as historical trajectories of these knowledges and actions. Then, I explain how the need to guarantee both credibility and legitimacy create an inherent tension in environmental actions. Finally, I explore how knowledge is based on preconceptions about our relationships with nature, and lead to specific ways of acting. From these insights, I suggest some trails to know and act differently with nature in the context of current ecological issues.

中國河南省鄧州市，被稱為世界鄧氏的發源地。鄧姓後人自五千年前開始便不斷外遷，至今分佈在世界各地的鄧氏總人口達七百餘萬。自二千年開始，位於鄧州市有“天下鄧氏第一陵“之稱的吾離陵園，成為鄧州市的重點發展項目之一，市政府積極向世界鄧氏宣傳鄧州和陵園保護建設，部分鄧氏後人也紛紛捐款支持。本論文探討跨地域網絡與文化遺產保護的關係，透過在三個鄧氏團體（鄧村、香港和多倫多）的田野考察，了解鄧氏後人對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的看法。我將會探究為何鄧州政府和部分鄧氏後人投資巨款於陵墓建設上，而其他人則拒絶贊助？在全球化的環境下，政治、經濟、宗教、社會和文化因素如何推動或拒絶族氏文化遺產的建立？本論文的最終目的是探討跨地域網絡如何影響文化遺產管理，和不同利益團體對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的解讀。 / The Tang clan is said to have originated from Dengzhou City, Henan Province, China; members of the Tang clan began their migratory trek 5,000 years ago, and now they claim that there are 7 millions descendents all over the world. Since the 2000s, the Wuli Mausoleum - claimed to be the First Mausoleum of the Tang clan, has caught the attention of the Dengzhou government, which has since been promoting this to the Tangs across the world. The local government is eager to preserve the Mausoleum and a preservation plan has been announced; some Tang descendants have made substantial donations towards the project. This ethnographic study explores the nature of the transregional connections on heritage management and the meanings of building a global “Tang heritage“ among three regional Tang groups, namely in Dengcun (Henan Province), Hong Kong and Toronto. This study addresses the following questions: Why are the local government and some Tangs willing to spend enormous sums of money on the conservation of the Mausoleum, while others refuse to do so? What are the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious factors facilitating the promotion or denial of the Tang heritage in today’s globalized world? The ultimate goal of this research is to understand the politics and power dynamics among various stakeholders in the process of heritage management through a construction of transregional connections in post-Mao China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Hiu Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-153). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / List of Illustrations / Abstract / 摘要 / Acknowledgement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heritage as a Contested Idea --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) Vs. Local Interpretation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Uses of Heritage --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Significance of Kinship in Heritage Relations --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Management of Archaeological Sites --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Legends of the Tang Clan and the Wuli Mausoleum --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Setting: Dengzhou City as the “Ancestral Homeland“ of the Tangs --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Authenticity of the Mausoleum: Is it an Archaeological Site? --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Wuli Mausoleum and its Changing Cultural Context --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Government of Dengzhou City --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Bureau of Culture and its Cultural Policy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Roles of the Government in the Conservation Project --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Politics of the “pseudo“ Tang Lineage Association Head Office --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion: Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) and the Power Penetration of the Government --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Mausoleum and its Local Associated People: The Dengcun Tangs in Dengzhou City --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1 --- Locating the Tangs --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Setting: The Local Community - the Dengcun Tangs --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- “An Inseparable Relationship“: The Tomb and the Dengcun Tangs --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Interests of the Dengcun Tangs --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion: “Weapons of the Weak“ - Intense Negotiations --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction: The Tangs in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Ping Shan Tangs --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reasons for not Being Interested in the Project --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Hong Kong Tang Clansmen Association --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Discussion: Engage or Disengage - “Capital“ --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.1 --- Background: The Tang Community in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Toronto Tangs and the Conservation Project --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion: What are the factors affecting their perceptions? --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion: The “Tang Heritage“ and its Transregional Connections --- p.124 / Bibliography --- p.146

Vários estudos realizados com o Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático citam porcentagens de sucesso próximas a de tratamentos odontológicos convencionais em curtos períodos de avaliação e em populações com baixos índices de CPOD. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o índice de sucesso de restaurações de ART, classe I, em populações com alto índice de cárie. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética local e obteve-se o consentimento livre e esclarecido dos responsáveis. Inicialmente foram analisados os índices de sangramento gengival (ISG) e placa visível (IPV), assim como a necessidade de tratamento e a condição bucal atual dos pacientes. Foram realizadas 155 restaurações de ART em molares permanentes de 96 pacientes, entre 7 e 12 anos de idade, da rede pública de ensino. Dois operadores treinados realizaram as restaurações de acordo com o manual de ART da OMS, em três meses. O material utilizado foi um cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional de alta densidade, o Ketac-Molar (3M ESPE). Os controles clínicos foram realizados em períodos de 6, 12 e 24 meses, sendo completados por documentação fotográfica. Os escores utilizados para avaliação foram os preconizados para a técnica. Somente quatro pacientes relataram sensibilidade pós-operatória e o grau de aceitação da técnica foi de 100%. O sucesso das restaurações foi 97,3, 93,7 e 89,6% respectivamente para 6, 12 e 24 meses. Não se verificou influência do operador no sucesso do tratamento (Q quadrado, p =0,28). Com relação ao alto índice de cárie, este parece exercer um papel negativo no sucesso das restaurações, devido ao grande número de recidivas de cárie (43% das falhas). Entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças entre os pacientes que obtiveram restaurações falhas e bem sucedidas quanto aos índices iniciais de cárie (Q-quadrado, p= 0,26) / The Atraumatic Restorative Treatment was first pioneered in Tanzania by Jo Frencken in a prevention community based oral health program. This technique is based in the caries tissue excavation using only hand instruments and filling the cavity with an adhesive material, usually a glass ionomer cement. Many studies relate success percentages of this technique close to the traditional technique, but in short term evaluation and almost always in communities with low caries experience (DMFT). This study aims to evaluate the success rate of class I ART restorations in a community (population) with high caries experience. The protocol was implemented after the approval of the local Ethics Committee and the afte r the signed informed consent of the children parents. At the first appointment, the VPI (visible plaque index), GBI (gingival bleeding index), the necessity of treatment and the oral conditions of the patients were assessed. One hundred and fifty five class I ART restorations were performed by two trained operators, used to ART, according to WHO ART manual in a period of three months. The sample was composed of 96 patients, aged between 7 to 12 years old, studying in public schools. No more than four restorations per patient were included in the study. The used material was a hand-mixed glass ionomer cement, Ketac Molar (3M ESPE). The clinical follow-up assessments were performed after 6, 12 and 24 months after the treatment. At each follow-up, slides were taken for documentation. The scores used in this study were the same regularly used in ART studies, recommended by Frencken in 1996. Only four patients related pos-operative sensitivity and the technique acceptance was one hundred per cent. The success for 6, 12 and 24 months was 97.3, 93.7 and 89.6% respectively. The operator did not influence (Q quadrado, p= 0,28) in the success rate of the restorations. The high caries experience seemed to play a negative hole in the success of this study, because the high number of failures due to recurrent caries (43% of the failures). However, there have not been observed any difference among patients with failed and successful restorations according to their DMFT score (Chi-square, p=0,26)

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da variação do tempo de fotopolimerização para diferentes cores (I, B1, B3 e C4) de uma resina composta (FiltekTM Z250, da 3M ESPE), sobre a taxa de desgaste abrasivo através do método do disco retificado. Cada espécime de resina composta fotopolimerizada estava contido numa cavidade semicircular localizada na periferia de um disco constituído por polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), denominado disco estático, sendo que a superfície curva da resina no disco sofria desgaste por um rebolo de porcelana, denominado tecnicamente de disco dinâmico, sob carga padronizada e velocidade controlada, criando no espécime uma cavidade de aspecto semicircular. O deslocamento vertical do disco estático, ao ser desgastado, era detectado por um palpador, o qual transferia estes dados a um computador e criava os arquivos de desgaste, em função do tempo. Os dados obtidos foram tratados estatisticamente. Pôde-se concluir que 1) a resistência à abrasão do PMMA foi a maior de todas e 2) a resina de cor C4, a mais resistente de todas. / The aim at this study was estimate the influence of light-curing time variation of different colors (I, B1, B3 and C4) of composite resin (FiltekTM Z250, 3M ESPE), upon abrasive wear through the retified disc method. The porcelain existent in the named dynamic disc promoted a wear of each resin specimen located in the polimethylmetacrylate (PMMA) static disc, under a standardized charge and with controlled velocity. Vertical displacement of static disc was detected by a sensor that send data to a computer where wear arquives were plotted in function of time. After data statistical analysis, it could be concluded that: 1) PMMA resistance was greater than anyone of resins and 2) C4 was more resistant than all the other colors.

It is estimated that peatlands cover around 20% of Scotland’s land area. Scotland’s peatlands are important ecosystems in terms of the services they provide; carbon sequestration, water chemistry and flow regulation, biodiversity, as well as for the homes and livelihoods they offer to their inhabitants. Due to historical management practices over 70% of Scotland’s peatlands are damaged to some degree, and are now in need of restoration. The remaining peat bogs need to be conserved. Peatlands are complex landscapes that require good governance in order to be managed fairly and effectively. This thesis sets out to explore the issues surrounding peatland management and offer some recommendations. Workshops were carried out in Dumfries, The Cairngorms, Thurso and Shetland in order to explore how landowners and managers perceived peatlands and peatland restoration and the potential to fund restoration through the Peatland Code Payment for Ecosystem Services Scheme. The main findings were; there was confusion over the policy concerning peatlands, landowners and managers felt uncertain of the potential carbon benefits and methods to predict them, the Peatland Code focuses on carbon benefits and landowners and managers cared more about water and wildlife. These findings prompted a more in depth study of the objectives, priorities and values of landowners and managers through the use of qualitative interviews, and a policy analysis to clarify funding options and regulations and to identify potential barriers. Sixty-seven semi-structured interviews were carried out with landowners and managers from the four regions around Scotland. These were analysed in order to find common themes. Many of the interviewees had social and environmental aims for their land, as well as financial aims. There was a very strong sense of care and responsibility for the land, which was linked to heritage, legacy and identity. Communication was poor between different groups (landowners vs crofters, locals vs incomers, landowners and managers vs NGOs, Scientists, Politicians), fostering a sense of discord or antagonism. This lead to a lack of trust and a reluctance to engage with other groups, exacerbating communication issues. Poor communication means that the good environmental intensions of evident from the interviews did not always translate into action. Exceptions to this always involved face-to-face communication, site visits, and a long term relationship allowing the build-up of trust. Policy documents relating to peatlands were reviewed. Findings were presented at a workshop attended by peatland policy experts, in order to identify gaps or misconceptions, which were then addressed. Peatlands do not have their own policy area, but are mentioned in policy related to agriculture, forestry, fresh water and biodiversity. Peatlands are most often mentioned in terms of their carbon sequestration potential. They are poorly integrated in fresh water policy. This shows a mismatch between the interests of policy-makers, and the interests of practitioners, as identified in the workshops. Funding for peatland restoration is limited, restrictive in terms of activities that will be funded, and the application process is onerous. The regulations are poorly communicated leading many to fear they will be penalised for undertaking management that is beneficial to peatlands. There are few policies with the intention of building capacity through information provision or training. The uncertainty surrounding funding options for peatland restoration may discourage contractors from diversifying in this area, leading to a shortage of people with the skills necessary to carry out the work. In all three chapters there is a common thread that the various policies and schemes created in order to facilitate conservation and restoration of peatlands do not adequately harness the feelings of care and responsibility towards the environment that are present in the landowning and managing communities. This is due to poor communication and a misunderstanding of the various perspectives of groups in these areas, leading to sometimes obstructive policies which fall short of their ambitions.

This dissertation’s aim is to reveal how essential economic mechanics were to playwrights when it came to depicting agency. Rising commercialization in the seventeenth century prompted playwrights to appropriate market behaviors in London as a new discourse for agency. Commerce serves as a metaphor for every part of daily life, and a new kind of “commercial” agency evolves that predicates autonomy upon the exchange networks in which a person participates. Initially, this new agency appears as a variation on the trickster. By the end of the century, playwrights have created a new model for autonomy and a new kind of hero to employ it: the entrepreneur. My chapters chart the defining points in the development of commercial agency, each with a representative text or texts. In chapter II, I analyze how the Jacobean gallant, a variation on the trickster, sells himself as a desirable commodity to gain wealth and influence, the conditions he needs to liberate himself and control his own destiny (Eastward Ho). Chapter III examines characterizations of businesswomen in seventeenth century drama, one of the primary shifts in tone that accompanied the development of commercial agency as playwrights became more skilled in its portrayal (Antony and Cleopatra). Frequently regarded as prostitutes in Elizabethan plays, entrepreneurial women are often seen in later periods as dramatic, even tragic, heroes. When the stage closed during the years of 1642-1659, the print market was playwrights’ main source of income, and it was soon adapted to promote drama and ensure its future production. Chapter IV suggests that the success of William Davenant’s The Siege of Rhodes was due to how its preface implicated customers of the print edition in its stage production. Chapter V marks the emergence of the entrepreneurial rake as a romantic and comic hero. The chapter argues that the egalitarian haggling that ends The Man of Mode and The Rover, which is conspicuously absent from The Country Wife, is presented as the ideal basis for any loving, successful, and profitable marriage.

Vários estudos realizados com o Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático citam porcentagens de sucesso próximas a de tratamentos odontológicos convencionais em curtos períodos de avaliação e em populações com baixos índices de CPOD. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o índice de sucesso de restaurações de ART, classe I, em populações com alto índice de cárie. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética local e obteve-se o consentimento livre e esclarecido dos responsáveis. Inicialmente foram analisados os índices de sangramento gengival (ISG) e placa visível (IPV), assim como a necessidade de tratamento e a condição bucal atual dos pacientes. Foram realizadas 155 restaurações de ART em molares permanentes de 96 pacientes, entre 7 e 12 anos de idade, da rede pública de ensino. Dois operadores treinados realizaram as restaurações de acordo com o manual de ART da OMS, em três meses. O material utilizado foi um cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional de alta densidade, o Ketac-Molar (3M ESPE). Os controles clínicos foram realizados em períodos de 6, 12 e 24 meses, sendo completados por documentação fotográfica. Os escores utilizados para avaliação foram os preconizados para a técnica. Somente quatro pacientes relataram sensibilidade pós-operatória e o grau de aceitação da técnica foi de 100%. O sucesso das restaurações foi 97,3, 93,7 e 89,6% respectivamente para 6, 12 e 24 meses. Não se verificou influência do operador no sucesso do tratamento (Q quadrado, p =0,28). Com relação ao alto índice de cárie, este parece exercer um papel negativo no sucesso das restaurações, devido ao grande número de recidivas de cárie (43% das falhas). Entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças entre os pacientes que obtiveram restaurações falhas e bem sucedidas quanto aos índices iniciais de cárie (Q-quadrado, p= 0,26) / The Atraumatic Restorative Treatment was first pioneered in Tanzania by Jo Frencken in a prevention community based oral health program. This technique is based in the caries tissue excavation using only hand instruments and filling the cavity with an adhesive material, usually a glass ionomer cement. Many studies relate success percentages of this technique close to the traditional technique, but in short term evaluation and almost always in communities with low caries experience (DMFT). This study aims to evaluate the success rate of class I ART restorations in a community (population) with high caries experience. The protocol was implemented after the approval of the local Ethics Committee and the afte r the signed informed consent of the children parents. At the first appointment, the VPI (visible plaque index), GBI (gingival bleeding index), the necessity of treatment and the oral conditions of the patients were assessed. One hundred and fifty five class I ART restorations were performed by two trained operators, used to ART, according to WHO ART manual in a period of three months. The sample was composed of 96 patients, aged between 7 to 12 years old, studying in public schools. No more than four restorations per patient were included in the study. The used material was a hand-mixed glass ionomer cement, Ketac Molar (3M ESPE). The clinical follow-up assessments were performed after 6, 12 and 24 months after the treatment. At each follow-up, slides were taken for documentation. The scores used in this study were the same regularly used in ART studies, recommended by Frencken in 1996. Only four patients related pos-operative sensitivity and the technique acceptance was one hundred per cent. The success for 6, 12 and 24 months was 97.3, 93.7 and 89.6% respectively. The operator did not influence (Q quadrado, p= 0,28) in the success rate of the restorations. The high caries experience seemed to play a negative hole in the success of this study, because the high number of failures due to recurrent caries (43% of the failures). However, there have not been observed any difference among patients with failed and successful restorations according to their DMFT score (Chi-square, p=0,26)

In April 2008, the non-profit organization Living Lands & Waters (LL&W) approached IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering to assist with the preliminary scoping and assessment for the proposed dredging and restoration of the backwater region located near the confluence of the Iowa and Mississippi Rivers, commonly referred to as Boston Bay. IIHR was responsible for the measurement and analysis of relevant physical and chemical parameters including particle-size analysis of sediment cores; real-time monitoring of nitrate-nitrogen concentration of agricultural runoff entering Boston Bay; bathymetric surveying; as well as the development of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic capable of simulating the proposed dredging activity. Particle-size analysis was achieved using the hydrometer method of sedimentation to determine the distribution of fine particles (silt and clay) while traditional sieving techniques were employed to establish the proportions of sand-sized particles. Results indicate that the sediment contained in Boston Bay consists primarily of particles with diameters in the range of 2-50 µm, what the USDA considers silt, and clay. A real-time nitrate-nitrogen sensor was deployed at the Bay Island Drainage & Levee District pump intake from October 2008, through June 2009. The data collected, coupled with the daily maintenance logs from the pumping station, allow one to estimate that roughly 800 tons of nitrate-nitrogen were pumped into Boston Bay from the drainage district during the time period that the nitrate sensor was deployed in the field. Bathymetric surveying took place in March, 2009. Survey results indicate that the average elevation of Boston Bay is 531.9 feet above sea level (MSL, 1912). Overall, the bay is very flat with little topographic relief except in the areas of Bell's Pocket and the pond where the drainage district pumps discharge. These areas are much deeper than other areas of the bay, with elevations as low as 508 feet above sea level in the deepest regions. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the bay (pre- and post-dredge) was constructed using the US Bureau of Reclamation's SRH-W modeling package. Initial results indicate that dredging Boston Bay does not appear to have detrimental impacts on the existing hydrology of the study area. Model outputs reveal that dredging will create greater availability of deep-water regions, with increased areas of faster moving current. The total area of inundation will also be affected by dredging, perhaps creating ideal habitat for hardwood tree species in portions of the study area that would otherwise be wet under existing conditions. Further studies should be conducted to couple the data obtained during particle-size analysis, with the model results to help estimate the feasibility of the proposed dredging activity and lifetime of the excavated channels.

The objective of this study was to characterize water quality and hydrologic properties of urban streams in the Richmond metropolitan area. Water quality data were analyzed for six urban sites and two non-urban sites. Geomorphological surveys and conservative tracer studies were performed at four urban sites and one non-urban site to describe intra- and inter- site variability in transient storage, channel geomorphology, and related hydrologic parameters. Urban sites showed elevated concentrations of nitrogen and more variable TSS concentrations relative to reference sites. Urban channels were deeply incised with unstable banks and low sinuosity. Little Westham Creek exhibited the greatest transient storage. This site was characterized by large, deep pools and therefore it is likely that transient storage was associated with surface water storage. Transient storage was low at all other sites, particularly for the study reach at Reedy Creek, which flowed through a concrete channel. Lowest transient storage was observed at this site in spring, though higher values were measured in summer corresponding to the presence of biofilms, A lower, more naturalized section of the concrete channel was found to have greater transient storage suggesting the possibility of passive restoration of concrete channels in urban environments. This study documents variability in the structure and function of urban streams. Restoration projects should work to improve impairments that are specific to each site at both the reach and watershed scale to maximize the efficacy of restoration.