Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

by Wong Tai Choi Richard. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-175). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of tables --- p.v / List of figures --- p.viii / Table of contents --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction for the whole thesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Termites --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Termites are eusocial insects --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Families of termites --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Classification of sample termites: Reticulitermes fukienensis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Distribution of Reticulitermes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Nest of Reticulitermes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Economic importance of Reticulitermes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Definition of temporal polyethism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- The general significance of poly ethism --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Developmental differences between isopteran and other social hymenopterans --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Polyethism of termites and social hymenopterans --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Caste-based polyethism --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Sex-based poly ethism --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Age-based or temporal polyethism --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Conclusion on the polyethism of termites and eusocial hymenopterans --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.33 / Chapter 1.8 --- Reason for the choice of sample species --- p.35 / Chapter 1.9 --- General methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Identification of Reticulitermes fukienensis --- p.36 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- Sample collection --- p.38 / Chapter 1.9.3 --- "Storage, preservation and farther confirmation of sample in laboratory" --- p.40 / Chapter 1.9.4 --- Methods for the removal of termites from nests --- p.42 / Chapter 1.9.5 --- Experimental conditions --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Separation of age classes and temporal polyethism in feeding behavior of age classes --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Separation of age classes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Review of separation of age classes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Head width measurements --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Morphological study --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Results --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Biometrics measurements --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Morphological study --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Discussion and conclusion --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3 --- Temporal polyethism in feeding behavior of age classes --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of larva and worker --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Experimental set-up --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Observation methods --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Results --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Discussion and conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Ethograms of the age classes --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition of behaviors --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preparation of embelling materials --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Experiemntal set-up --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Combination of termites inset-up --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Observation and scoring methods --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Data analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Correlation between the frequencies of various behaviors and age of different age classes --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Repertoire size --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Task-related behavior --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Number of behavioral categories and % of time budget spent on various behavior categories within age --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Patterns of behavioral frequencies --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Discrete and continuous temporal polyethism --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Inactivity of larvae --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Starting point for the task related behaviors --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Relationship between morphological characters and behaviors --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Task performance amongst worker age classes --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Mouth-body touching and mouth tunnel touching behaviors --- p.92 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Division of task related behaviors --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Temporal polyethism in trophallaxis and larval carrying and foraging behaviors of worker age classes --- p.95 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2 --- Trophallaxis of eusocial insects --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3 --- Social carrying behavior of eusocial insects --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- Foraging behaviors of eusocial insects --- p.99 / Chapter 4.5 --- Materials and methods --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Trophallaxis and socialcarrying behaviors experiment --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Definition of behaviors --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Experimental set-up --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Observation methods --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Data analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Foraging behaviors experiment --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Experimental set-up --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Observation methods --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Definition of behaviors --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.106 / Chapter 4.6 --- Results --- p.107 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Trophallaxis and larval carrying behaviors --- p.107 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Foraging behaviors --- p.109 / Chapter 4.7 --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Temporal polyethism of various behaviors among sub-age classes of large worker --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Combination of individuals for experiment --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Labeling of individuals for identification --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Experimental set-up --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 400observation cycles score --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Acceptance criteria of behavior data --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Definition of behaviors and biometric parameters --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Principal component analysis (PCA) for sub-age classes separation --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Discriminant analysis for sub-age classes classification --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3 --- Statiscal analysis of behaviors --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Sub-age classes separation --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Temporal polyethism of the sub-age classes --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion and conclusion --- p.151 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of chapters 1 -5 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.2 --- General discussion --- p.154 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.157 / References --- p.159

This thesis evaluated the attractancy and mortality of Metarhizium anisopliae on two species of subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. There were four specific objectives developed for this research. The first objective was to determine if R. flavipes or C. formosanus were attracted to the mycelium mat matrix of M. anisopliae cultured on rice or corn. The second objective was to determine the tunneling distances of R. flavipes and C. formosanus when exposed to aged strains of M. anisopliae. The third objective was to determine if the fungus caused mortality to populations of R. flavipes or C. formosanus in glass tube bioassays. The fourth objective was to determine if R. flavipes termites are attracted to an ethanol extract of mycelium of M. anisopliae (X-5) or a commercial preferred feeding product (Summon??), and to estimate the percent consumption of the cellulose matrix. The extract and the Summon?? disks were tested in the laboratory using glass plate bioassays, and in the field using commercial termite monitors containing each of the treatments individually. The results with attractancy and mortality varied with age and generation of M. anisopliae mycelia, but all treatments were more attractive and caused more mortality than the controls. When presented with choices, both R. flavipes and C. formosanus did show preference to both the mycelium and the extract forms of M. anisopliae. The 1:1000 dilution of M. anisopliae extract (X-5) was strongly preferred over the other treatments, and all of the dilutions were preferred over the Summon?? and ethanol (40%) treated disks in the laboratory. An analysis of the consumption of test cellulose matrix showed that Summon?? did not attract termites, but it was a phagostimulant. When the undiluted ethanol extract of M. anisopliae was tested in the field, there were more termite visits to the ethanol extract of M. anisopliae (X-5) treated monitors stations, and the fewest termite visits were observed in the monitors containing the untreated fiber pulp disks.

This thesis evaluated the attractancy and mortality of Metarhizium anisopliae on two species of subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. There were four specific objectives developed for this research. The first objective was to determine if R. flavipes or C. formosanus were attracted to the mycelium mat matrix of M. anisopliae cultured on rice or corn. The second objective was to determine the tunneling distances of R. flavipes and C. formosanus when exposed to aged strains of M. anisopliae. The third objective was to determine if the fungus caused mortality to populations of R. flavipes or C. formosanus in glass tube bioassays. The fourth objective was to determine if R. flavipes termites are attracted to an ethanol extract of mycelium of M. anisopliae (X-5) or a commercial preferred feeding product (Summon??), and to estimate the percent consumption of the cellulose matrix. The extract and the Summon?? disks were tested in the laboratory using glass plate bioassays, and in the field using commercial termite monitors containing each of the treatments individually. The results with attractancy and mortality varied with age and generation of M. anisopliae mycelia, but all treatments were more attractive and caused more mortality than the controls. When presented with choices, both R. flavipes and C. formosanus did show preference to both the mycelium and the extract forms of M. anisopliae. The 1:1000 dilution of M. anisopliae extract (X-5) was strongly preferred over the other treatments, and all of the dilutions were preferred over the Summon?? and ethanol (40%) treated disks in the laboratory. An analysis of the consumption of test cellulose matrix showed that Summon?? did not attract termites, but it was a phagostimulant. When the undiluted ethanol extract of M. anisopliae was tested in the field, there were more termite visits to the ethanol extract of M. anisopliae (X-5) treated monitors stations, and the fewest termite visits were observed in the monitors containing the untreated fiber pulp disks.

The biological control of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae; Termitidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae) (EPN) was investigated. The desert subterranean termite Heterotermes aureus Snyder was found to be very susceptible to Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston. In laboratory bioassays S. riobrave (355, TP, 3-8b and 7-12 strains), S. carpocapsae Weiser (Mexican 33 strain), S. feltiae Filipjev (UK76 strain), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (HP88 strain) were all capable of infecting and killing H. aureus, Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar, R. virginicus Banks, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Gnathamitermes perplexus Banks. In sand assays, S. riobrave caused > 90% H. aureus mortality in 3 days and 100% mortality by day 5 at 22 °C. TP strain of S. riobrave caused 75% R. flavipes mortality and 90.91% C. formosanus mortality in 7 days. EPNs utilizing termites as hosts produced smaller sized offspring, with the exception of S. feltiae. Stunted females of S. feltiae were frequently found in termite cadavers, but no progeny. Small IJs of S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora infect, reproduce and form normal size IJs after subsequent infection in Galleria mellonella L. The progeny of small IJs were as effective as the normal size IJs, with regard to subsequent induced mortality, under the conditions tested. In laboratory two-container choice experiments, H. aureus were repelled by EPN treated areas for up to 10 days at 10,000 IJs per device. The repellency threshold was found to vary among nematodes species. We hypothesis that it is the physical movement of the nematodes that repels the termites. Temperature is a key factor affecting nematode pathogenicity. Temperature tolerance of the nematodes varied between species. After a gradual heat adaptation process, S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora caused significantly higher H. aureus mortality at 32 °C compared with original laboratory cultured strains. Further work may result in the contribution of commercially available strains with enhanced heat tolerance. Preliminary field studies confirmed EPN protection of a structure, however, termites began to reinfest 4 weeks after the application. Additional tests are necessary to provide more evidence before we can conclude nematodes as useful in the field.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 28, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86). Also available on the Internet.