Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

by Wong Tai Choi Richard. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-175). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of tables --- p.v / List of figures --- p.viii / Table of contents --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction for the whole thesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Termites --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Termites are eusocial insects --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Families of termites --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Classification of sample termites: Reticulitermes fukienensis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Distribution of Reticulitermes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Nest of Reticulitermes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Economic importance of Reticulitermes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Definition of temporal polyethism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- The general significance of poly ethism --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Developmental differences between isopteran and other social hymenopterans --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Polyethism of termites and social hymenopterans --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Caste-based polyethism --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Sex-based poly ethism --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Age-based or temporal polyethism --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Conclusion on the polyethism of termites and eusocial hymenopterans --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.33 / Chapter 1.8 --- Reason for the choice of sample species --- p.35 / Chapter 1.9 --- General methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Identification of Reticulitermes fukienensis --- p.36 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- Sample collection --- p.38 / Chapter 1.9.3 --- "Storage, preservation and farther confirmation of sample in laboratory" --- p.40 / Chapter 1.9.4 --- Methods for the removal of termites from nests --- p.42 / Chapter 1.9.5 --- Experimental conditions --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Separation of age classes and temporal polyethism in feeding behavior of age classes --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Separation of age classes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Review of separation of age classes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Head width measurements --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Morphological study --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Results --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Biometrics measurements --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Morphological study --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Discussion and conclusion --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3 --- Temporal polyethism in feeding behavior of age classes --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of larva and worker --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Experimental set-up --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Observation methods --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Results --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Discussion and conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Ethograms of the age classes --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition of behaviors --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preparation of embelling materials --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Experiemntal set-up --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Combination of termites inset-up --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Observation and scoring methods --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Data analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Correlation between the frequencies of various behaviors and age of different age classes --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Repertoire size --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Task-related behavior --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Number of behavioral categories and % of time budget spent on various behavior categories within age --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Patterns of behavioral frequencies --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Discrete and continuous temporal polyethism --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Inactivity of larvae --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Starting point for the task related behaviors --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Relationship between morphological characters and behaviors --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Task performance amongst worker age classes --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Mouth-body touching and mouth tunnel touching behaviors --- p.92 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Division of task related behaviors --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Temporal polyethism in trophallaxis and larval carrying and foraging behaviors of worker age classes --- p.95 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2 --- Trophallaxis of eusocial insects --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3 --- Social carrying behavior of eusocial insects --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- Foraging behaviors of eusocial insects --- p.99 / Chapter 4.5 --- Materials and methods --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Trophallaxis and socialcarrying behaviors experiment --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Definition of behaviors --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Experimental set-up --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Observation methods --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Data analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Foraging behaviors experiment --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Experimental set-up --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Observation methods --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Definition of behaviors --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.106 / Chapter 4.6 --- Results --- p.107 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Trophallaxis and larval carrying behaviors --- p.107 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Foraging behaviors --- p.109 / Chapter 4.7 --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Temporal polyethism of various behaviors among sub-age classes of large worker --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Combination of individuals for experiment --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Labeling of individuals for identification --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Experimental set-up --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 400observation cycles score --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Acceptance criteria of behavior data --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Definition of behaviors and biometric parameters --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Principal component analysis (PCA) for sub-age classes separation --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Discriminant analysis for sub-age classes classification --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3 --- Statiscal analysis of behaviors --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Sub-age classes separation --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Temporal polyethism of the sub-age classes --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion and conclusion --- p.151 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of chapters 1 -5 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.2 --- General discussion --- p.154 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.157 / References --- p.159

This thesis evaluated the attractancy and mortality of Metarhizium anisopliae on two species of subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. There were four specific objectives developed for this research. The first objective was to determine if R. flavipes or C. formosanus were attracted to the mycelium mat matrix of M. anisopliae cultured on rice or corn. The second objective was to determine the tunneling distances of R. flavipes and C. formosanus when exposed to aged strains of M. anisopliae. The third objective was to determine if the fungus caused mortality to populations of R. flavipes or C. formosanus in glass tube bioassays. The fourth objective was to determine if R. flavipes termites are attracted to an ethanol extract of mycelium of M. anisopliae (X-5) or a commercial preferred feeding product (Summon??), and to estimate the percent consumption of the cellulose matrix. The extract and the Summon?? disks were tested in the laboratory using glass plate bioassays, and in the field using commercial termite monitors containing each of the treatments individually. The results with attractancy and mortality varied with age and generation of M. anisopliae mycelia, but all treatments were more attractive and caused more mortality than the controls. When presented with choices, both R. flavipes and C. formosanus did show preference to both the mycelium and the extract forms of M. anisopliae. The 1:1000 dilution of M. anisopliae extract (X-5) was strongly preferred over the other treatments, and all of the dilutions were preferred over the Summon?? and ethanol (40%) treated disks in the laboratory. An analysis of the consumption of test cellulose matrix showed that Summon?? did not attract termites, but it was a phagostimulant. When the undiluted ethanol extract of M. anisopliae was tested in the field, there were more termite visits to the ethanol extract of M. anisopliae (X-5) treated monitors stations, and the fewest termite visits were observed in the monitors containing the untreated fiber pulp disks.

This thesis evaluated the attractancy and mortality of Metarhizium anisopliae on two species of subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. There were four specific objectives developed for this research. The first objective was to determine if R. flavipes or C. formosanus were attracted to the mycelium mat matrix of M. anisopliae cultured on rice or corn. The second objective was to determine the tunneling distances of R. flavipes and C. formosanus when exposed to aged strains of M. anisopliae. The third objective was to determine if the fungus caused mortality to populations of R. flavipes or C. formosanus in glass tube bioassays. The fourth objective was to determine if R. flavipes termites are attracted to an ethanol extract of mycelium of M. anisopliae (X-5) or a commercial preferred feeding product (Summon??), and to estimate the percent consumption of the cellulose matrix. The extract and the Summon?? disks were tested in the laboratory using glass plate bioassays, and in the field using commercial termite monitors containing each of the treatments individually. The results with attractancy and mortality varied with age and generation of M. anisopliae mycelia, but all treatments were more attractive and caused more mortality than the controls. When presented with choices, both R. flavipes and C. formosanus did show preference to both the mycelium and the extract forms of M. anisopliae. The 1:1000 dilution of M. anisopliae extract (X-5) was strongly preferred over the other treatments, and all of the dilutions were preferred over the Summon?? and ethanol (40%) treated disks in the laboratory. An analysis of the consumption of test cellulose matrix showed that Summon?? did not attract termites, but it was a phagostimulant. When the undiluted ethanol extract of M. anisopliae was tested in the field, there were more termite visits to the ethanol extract of M. anisopliae (X-5) treated monitors stations, and the fewest termite visits were observed in the monitors containing the untreated fiber pulp disks.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86). Also available on the Internet.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / Se determinó la preferencia alimenticia mostrada por la termita subterránea Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), frente a diez especies de madera, mediante ensayos de laboratorio y de campo en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile. Las especies ensayadas fueron ocho latifoliadas y dos coníferas, entre las que se incluyeron pino radiata y eucalipto, dos importantes especies introducidas en el país. El tamaño de las probetas y procedimientos de manejo de las colonias de termitas, evaluación de grado de ataque, y otros aspectos se basaron en lo señalado en la Norma Chilena NCh 3060 (2007). En laboratorio se realizaron tres repeticiones con 10 probetas de cada una de las especies utilizadas, y en terreno se instalaron dos micropruebas de campo, en localidades distintas, con el uso de 100 probetas en cada sitio ensayado. Se consideró el empleo de maderas comerciales de amplio uso y de maderas con distintas propiedades físicas, anatómicas, químicas y de durabilidad natural. La evaluación de las probetas se hizo cuatro meses después de instalado el ensayo de laboratorio y tres a cinco meses en campo.

Commercial termite baiting systems were utilized and evaluated under real-world conditions in order to provide a comparison of efficacy in the management of subterranean termites. Three commercial termite baiting systems available for comparison included: FirstLine® (FMC Corp.), Sentricon® (Dow AgroSciences), and Terminate® (United Industries, Inc). The time required for foraging termites to locate and begin feeding on both the Sentricon® and the Terminate® bait stations was approximately one-half the time required to locate and begin feeding on the FirstLine® system, for both R. flavipes and C. formosanus. The time required for C. formosanus to locate and begin feeding on all termite baiting systems was approximately one-half the time required for R. flavipes. There were no significant differences in efficacy between the three baiting treatment systems against R. flavipes, with a mean of 84% efficacy for all systems. The Sentricon® system was able to achieve efficacy (88%) results with few additional residual liquid termiticide treatments. FirstLine® efficacy (80%) and Terminate® efficacy (84%) results required initial and subsequent multiple spot treatments with residual termiticide for comparable results. The Sentricon® baiting system yielded positive results in the management of C. formosanus, if utilized in an aggressive, active management program, involving multiple supplementary in-ground and above-ground bait stations at both points of active infestation and at areas with conditions conducive to infestation. Optimum results were achieved when monitoring of the bait stations occurred twice each month, rather than the standard monthly monitoring regime. The two termite baiting systems with Sulfluramid as the active ingredient required spot treatments with termiticides in order to protect the structures. Grids of bait stations were installed and termite activity and foraging strategies were monitored for a five-year period. Treatment with sulfluramid required 472 active ingredient tubes, over a 37-month period, in order to reduce subterranean termite populations. Observations of seasonal variation and spatial patterns of foraging by native subterranean termites, R. flavipes, in a typical urban/suburban setting provided information with direct application to an effective termite baiting system program.

Commercial termite baiting systems were utilized and evaluated under real-world conditions in order to provide a comparison of efficacy in the management of subterranean termites. Three commercial termite baiting systems available for comparison included: FirstLine® (FMC Corp.), Sentricon® (Dow AgroSciences), and Terminate® (United Industries, Inc). The time required for foraging termites to locate and begin feeding on both the Sentricon® and the Terminate® bait stations was approximately one-half the time required to locate and begin feeding on the FirstLine® system, for both R. flavipes and C. formosanus. The time required for C. formosanus to locate and begin feeding on all termite baiting systems was approximately one-half the time required for R. flavipes. There were no significant differences in efficacy between the three baiting treatment systems against R. flavipes, with a mean of 84% efficacy for all systems. The Sentricon® system was able to achieve efficacy (88%) results with few additional residual liquid termiticide treatments. FirstLine® efficacy (80%) and Terminate® efficacy (84%) results required initial and subsequent multiple spot treatments with residual termiticide for comparable results. The Sentricon® baiting system yielded positive results in the management of C. formosanus, if utilized in an aggressive, active management program, involving multiple supplementary in-ground and above-ground bait stations at both points of active infestation and at areas with conditions conducive to infestation. Optimum results were achieved when monitoring of the bait stations occurred twice each month, rather than the standard monthly monitoring regime. The two termite baiting systems with Sulfluramid as the active ingredient required spot treatments with termiticides in order to protect the structures. Grids of bait stations were installed and termite activity and foraging strategies were monitored for a five-year period. Treatment with sulfluramid required 472 active ingredient tubes, over a 37-month period, in order to reduce subterranean termite populations. Observations of seasonal variation and spatial patterns of foraging by native subterranean termites, R. flavipes, in a typical urban/suburban setting provided information with direct application to an effective termite baiting system program.