1.Introdução este capítulo dá uma idéia geral das condições da construção civil em São Paulo antes, durante e no pós guerra. 2.Final dos anos 40 e o centro de São Paulo.Como a cidade acelerou seu crescimento e atraiu a migração europeia. 3. Arquitetos europeus chegados a São Paulo antes da eclosão da Segunda Gerra Mundial. 4. Um arquiteto francês (Jacques Pilon) morando em São Paulo desde os anos 30, onde projetou mais de 60 edifícios. O outro, o alemão Franz Heep chegado logo após a Segunda Guerra. Como ele elevou a qualidade do projeto do Edifício Jaraguá antes iniciado por Pilon. 5. A violência na segunda metade do século XX. 6. 1954: O Hotel Jaraguá e o IV Centenário da Cidade. 7. A Rádio Eldorado: uma revolução qualitativa na divulgação e na edição musical, tanto clássica quanto popular. 8. A Exaustão do Edifício, após 40 anos de intenso uso. 9. 2004 Retrofit: O edifício recuperado e sua reabertura. 10. A permanência da arquitetura enquanto obra de arte. 11. Anexos / 1. Forewords This chapter tries to give a general view of prewar São Paulo, civil construction conditions. 2. Downtown São Paulo in the late forties: How the city sped up its growth, luring european inmigration. 3. European architects bound to São Paulo before the burst of World War II 4. A french architect (Jacques Pilon) a prewar São Paulo\'s dweller, where he designed over than 60 buildings. The other, a german architect Franz Heep arriving just after the WW II, how he succeeded designing the Jaraguá building. 5. The rise of violence in the twentieth century secound half and its counterparts in the hotel\'s life. 6. 1954 was the Fourth São Paulo Centenial Celebration, being the year Jaraguá Hotel opened officialy into opperation. 7. Eldorado: a high standard radio station that enriched São Paulo broadcast 8. The building exaustion after 45 years of intense opperation. 9. 2004 The recovery of Jaraguá Hotel building, its retrofit an subsequent re openning in the 450th São Paulo anniversary 10. The long term standing of architecture as state of art 11. Complements

1.Introdução este capítulo dá uma idéia geral das condições da construção civil em São Paulo antes, durante e no pós guerra. 2.Final dos anos 40 e o centro de São Paulo.Como a cidade acelerou seu crescimento e atraiu a migração europeia. 3. Arquitetos europeus chegados a São Paulo antes da eclosão da Segunda Gerra Mundial. 4. Um arquiteto francês (Jacques Pilon) morando em São Paulo desde os anos 30, onde projetou mais de 60 edifícios. O outro, o alemão Franz Heep chegado logo após a Segunda Guerra. Como ele elevou a qualidade do projeto do Edifício Jaraguá antes iniciado por Pilon. 5. A violência na segunda metade do século XX. 6. 1954: O Hotel Jaraguá e o IV Centenário da Cidade. 7. A Rádio Eldorado: uma revolução qualitativa na divulgação e na edição musical, tanto clássica quanto popular. 8. A Exaustão do Edifício, após 40 anos de intenso uso. 9. 2004 Retrofit: O edifício recuperado e sua reabertura. 10. A permanência da arquitetura enquanto obra de arte. 11. Anexos / 1. Forewords This chapter tries to give a general view of prewar São Paulo, civil construction conditions. 2. Downtown São Paulo in the late forties: How the city sped up its growth, luring european inmigration. 3. European architects bound to São Paulo before the burst of World War II 4. A french architect (Jacques Pilon) a prewar São Paulo\'s dweller, where he designed over than 60 buildings. The other, a german architect Franz Heep arriving just after the WW II, how he succeeded designing the Jaraguá building. 5. The rise of violence in the twentieth century secound half and its counterparts in the hotel\'s life. 6. 1954 was the Fourth São Paulo Centenial Celebration, being the year Jaraguá Hotel opened officialy into opperation. 7. Eldorado: a high standard radio station that enriched São Paulo broadcast 8. The building exaustion after 45 years of intense opperation. 9. 2004 The recovery of Jaraguá Hotel building, its retrofit an subsequent re openning in the 450th São Paulo anniversary 10. The long term standing of architecture as state of art 11. Complements

A large number of building inventory in Canada and elsewhere in the world consists of non-ductile reinforced concrete frames, with or without masonry infill panels. These structures suffer damage when seismic force demands are higher than their force capacities. Therefore, seismic retrofitting of such frame buildings for drift control remains to be a viable option for improved building performance. A retrofit methodology has been developed in the current research project, which involves diagonal bracing of frames with prestressing strands. An experimental research project has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of diagonal prestressing in non-ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings. The experimental program consists of two large-scale single-bay single-storey reinforced concrete frames, with a height of 3.0m and a span length of 3.5 m. The frames were designed and built to reflect the 1960’s practice in Canada, without the seismic requirements of current building codes, and hence are seismically deficient. They were retrofitted with diagonally placed prestressing strands, having two different areas of steel, prestressed to 40% of the strand capacity. One of the frames was retested after the failure of the strands, with a new set of strands without any prestressing, forming the third test. The results indicate that lateral bracing reinforced concrete frames with high-strength prestressing strands is an effective strategy for controlling lateral drift and hence potential damage in buildings during strong earthquakes. Prestressing of the strands increases initial stiffness, as compared to non-prestressed cables, and provide superior performance. The area of diagonally placed steel (including the number of strands) and the level of initial prestressing depend on the required level of upgrade in the building in terms of seismic force requirements. The design procedure recommended in this thesis may be employed for implementing the technology. The thesis presents the details of the experimental program, and the test results. It also provides analytical verification of the approach, with a step-by-step design procedure.

A large number of building inventory in Canada and elsewhere in the world consists of non-ductile reinforced concrete frames, with or without masonry infill panels. These structures suffer damage when seismic force demands are higher than their force capacities. Therefore, seismic retrofitting of such frame buildings for drift control remains to be a viable option for improved building performance. A retrofit methodology has been developed in the current research project, which involves diagonal bracing of frames with prestressing strands. An experimental research project has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of diagonal prestressing in non-ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings. The experimental program consists of two large-scale single-bay single-storey reinforced concrete frames, with a height of 3.0m and a span length of 3.5 m. The frames were designed and built to reflect the 1960’s practice in Canada, without the seismic requirements of current building codes, and hence are seismically deficient. They were retrofitted with diagonally placed prestressing strands, having two different areas of steel, prestressed to 40% of the strand capacity. One of the frames was retested after the failure of the strands, with a new set of strands without any prestressing, forming the third test. The results indicate that lateral bracing reinforced concrete frames with high-strength prestressing strands is an effective strategy for controlling lateral drift and hence potential damage in buildings during strong earthquakes. Prestressing of the strands increases initial stiffness, as compared to non-prestressed cables, and provide superior performance. The area of diagonally placed steel (including the number of strands) and the level of initial prestressing depend on the required level of upgrade in the building in terms of seismic force requirements. The design procedure recommended in this thesis may be employed for implementing the technology. The thesis presents the details of the experimental program, and the test results. It also provides analytical verification of the approach, with a step-by-step design procedure.

Centred in Motion presents a strategy for adapting the existing suburban development of Pickering, Ontario to accommodate contemporary needs. The cultural and geographical conditions that generated Pickering, along with similar suburbs in the Toronto area and across North America, are vastly different from current conditions. An adaptive response addressing these suburbs is necessary to foster intelligent future growth in the Greater Toronto Area. The thesis proposes the design of a mixed-use complex that builds on existing infrastructure and adds density in centrally located, underutilized space within Pickering. A key element is an “inhabitable bridge” that connects the Pickering Town Centre mall in downtown Pickering to commuter services at the GO Transit station and lands to the south. The project embeds a variety of residential, commercial, and civic programs within this infrastructure, providing new services to existing residents, and creating expanded living options with a reduced dependency on personal automobiles within Pickering.

Centred in Motion presents a strategy for adapting the existing suburban development of Pickering, Ontario to accommodate contemporary needs. The cultural and geographical conditions that generated Pickering, along with similar suburbs in the Toronto area and across North America, are vastly different from current conditions. An adaptive response addressing these suburbs is necessary to foster intelligent future growth in the Greater Toronto Area. The thesis proposes the design of a mixed-use complex that builds on existing infrastructure and adds density in centrally located, underutilized space within Pickering. A key element is an “inhabitable bridge” that connects the Pickering Town Centre mall in downtown Pickering to commuter services at the GO Transit station and lands to the south. The project embeds a variety of residential, commercial, and civic programs within this infrastructure, providing new services to existing residents, and creating expanded living options with a reduced dependency on personal automobiles within Pickering.

Steel bridges and structures often need strengthening due to increased life loads, or repair due to corrosion or fatigue cracking. This study explored the use of adhesively bonded Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) flexible sheets and rigid plates in retrofitting steel columns and girders, through experimental and analytical investigations. The first part of the research program investigated the behaviour of CFRP-strengthened steel columns comprised of square Hollow Structural Sections (HSS). Fifty columns, 175 mm to 2380 mm long (i.e. with slenderness ratios ranging from 4 to 93), were tested under axial compression loads to examine the effects of number and type of CFRP layers, fibre orientation, and slenderness ratio. Transverse wrapping was shown to be suitable for controlling outwards local buckling in HSS short columns, while longitudinal layers were more effective in controlling overall buckling in slender columns. The maximum increases in axial strength observed in the experiments were 18 and 71 percent, for short and slender columns, respectively. An analytical fibre-element model and a non-linear finite element model were developed for slender columns. The models account for steel plasticity, geometric non-linearities, and residual stresses. The models were verified using experimental results, and used in a parametric study. It was shown that CFRP effectiveness increases for columns with larger out-of-straightness imperfections and higher slenderness ratios. The second part of the research program investigated w-section steel-concrete composite girders retrofitted using CFRP materials. Three girders, 6100 mm long, were tested to study strengthening of intact girders using CFRP plates. Eleven girders, 2030 mm long, including girders artificially damaged by completely cutting their tension flanges at mid-span, were tested to study the effectiveness of repair using CFRP sheets. The parameters considered were the CFRP type, number of layers, number of retrofitted sides of the tension flange, and the length of CFRP repair patch. The strength and stiffness of the intact girders have increased by 51 and 19 percent, respectively. For the repaired girders, the strength and stiffness recovery ranged from 6 to 116 percent and from 40 to 126 percent, respectively. Unlike flexural strength, the stiffness was not much affected by the bond length. Analytical models were developed, verified, and used in a parametric study, which showed that the higher the CFRP modulus, the larger the gain in stiffness and yielding moment, but the lower the gain in strength and ductility. In general, this study demonstrated that steel structures can indeed be successfully strengthened or repaired using CFRP material. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2007-11-15 18:35:59.552

No description available.

Unreinforced masonry (URM) walls are commonly found in existing and heritage buildings in Canada, either as infill or load-bearing walls. Such walls are vulnerable to sudden and brittle failure under blast loads due to their insufficient out-of-plane strength. The failure of such walls under blast pressures can also result in fragmentation and wall debris which can injure building occupants. Over the years, researchers have conducted experimental tests to evaluate the structural behaviour of unreinforced masonry walls under out-of-plane loading. Various strengthening methods have been proposed, including the use of concrete overlays, polyurea coatings and advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) is an emerging material which can also be used to strengthen and remove the deficiencies in unreinforced masonry walls. This composite material consists of a sequence of one or multiple layers of cement-based mortar reinforced with an open mesh of dry fibers (fabric). This thesis presents an experimental and analytical study which investigates the effectiveness of using FRCM composites to improve the out-of-plane resistance of URM walls when subjected to blast loading. As part of the experimental program, two large-scale URM masonry walls were constructed and strengthened with the 3-plies of unidirectional carbon FRCM retrofit. The specimens included one infill concrete masonry (CMU) wall, and one load-bearing stone wall. The University of Ottawa Shock Tube was used to test the walls under gradually increasing blast pressures until failure, and the results were compared to those of control (un-retrofitted) walls tested in previous research. Overall, the FRCM strengthening method was found to be a promising retrofit technique to increase the blast resistance of unreinforced masonry walls. In particular, the retrofit was effective in increasing the out-of-plane strength, stiffness and ultimate blast capacity of the walls, while delaying brittle failure and reducing fragmentation. As part of the analytical research, Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) analysis was performed to predict the blast behaviour of the stone load-bearing retrofit wall. This was done by computing wall flexural strength using Plane Section Analysis, and developing an idealized resistance curve for use in the SDOF analysis. Overall, the dynamic analysis results were found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental maximum displacements.

Both private and public sectors own and operate an array of office buildings that consume energy and contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. In an attempt to reduce energy demands, an analysis into the cost/benefit relationship of incorporating energy retrofit measures (ERMs) was carried out. The main objective was to develop a methodology for screening office buildings for both their current level of energy efficiency and their potential for retrofit applications. Optimal retrofit options can be determined by examining how different building characteristics affect the benefits received from improving various components. By characterizing the office building stock into a manageable set of representative models, it was possible to make estimations on energy consumption for lights, computers, pumps, fans, hot water supply, cooling and heating loads. Employing EnergyPlus, an energy modelling software package, these representative building models were analyzed using three different climate regions for the specific effects that altering building components have on energy consumption. Using a statistical regression analysis, a set of equations was derived for determining the energy consumption based on building-specific variable values. A life cycle cost analysis was used to obtain the net present value associated with the implementation of various retrofit ERMs. Payback period was adopted to quantify the cost effectiveness of ERMs. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)