40 000 disparitions de personnes sont signalées chaque année en France mais que signifie disparaître aujourd’hui ? Nous verrons à travers ce travail de thèse que derrière cette appellation se cache une multitude de scénarios que doivent envisager les enquêteurs pour résoudre l’énigme de l’absence. Alors, parmi toutes les hypothèses qu’ils vont soulever se situe l’objet spécifique de notre recherche : les disparitions criminelles que nous étudierons à partir des différents actes d’enlèvement, de séquestration et d’homicide. Nous en ferons une étude qualitative basée sur des affaires parues dans la presse, des écrits de victimes comme Natascha Kampusch et Sabine Dardenne mais aussi sur des cas issus de notre pratique clinique en milieu carcéral. Enfin, dans cette recherche exploratoire nous analyserons et interrogerons d’après une lecture analytique les mécanismes psychiques inhérents à ces actes criminels du point de vue des auteurs, des victimes et de leurs familles en fonction des modes opératoires. / 40 000 disappearances of people are reported every year in France. But what does it mean to disappear today? We will see through this thesis that behind this appellation there is a multitude of scenarios that must be envisaged by investigators to solve the absence’s enigma. And among all explored tracks there is the specific object of our research : criminal disappearances. We will analyze it from various acts of kidnapping, sequestration and murder. We will do a qualitative study based on press reports, written testimonies of victims such as Natascha Kampusch and Sabine Dardenne and also from our clinical practice in jail. Through this methodology of research and analytic method we will answer psychic mechanisms putting into this criminal acts by criminal operational modes and from point of view of perpetrators, victims and their families.

Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe técnicas de Cartografia Digital para um melhor embasamento técnico do Estado na defesa do patrimônio imobiliário estadual em ações judiciais que versem sobre questões relacionadas ao direito de uso e ocupação de terras públicas, em grande parte situadas em áreas de preservação ambiental e que resultam, muitas vezes, em indenizações milionárias contra o Estado. Segundo COSTA NETO (2006), a confusão que predomina na documentação da propriedade imobiliária em unidades de proteção integral favorece a ocorrência de ações ilegais e dificulta a resolução de conflitos, constituindo um dos principais obstáculos às ações governamentais para implantação e proteção dessas unidades. Favorece, ainda, a existência da denominada \"indústria das desapropriações\", por meio de uma corrida em busca de grandes somas de indenizações pelo poder público. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a adoção de procedimentos técnicos que incorporem metodologias modernas de Cartografia Digital a fim de que possam ser compatibilizadas plantas, escrituras e memoriais descritivos antigos à bases cartográficas georreferenciadas e unificadas, a fim de agilizar trabalhos de defesa dos interesses do Estado, poupando o erário público de indenizações improcedentes. Para tanto, tomou-se como objeto de estudos a Reserva Florestal do Curucutú, imóvel do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, com características técnicas bastante diversificadas, e que bem serviu de paradigma para o estabelecimento e aplicação dos procedimentos nos demais imóveis. / This master thesis proposes techniques of Digital Cartography for the enhancement of the technical bases of the State in the defense of its real state patrimony in judicial actions regarding the issues related to the right of use and occupation of public lands, in great part located in areas of environmental preservation resulting, many times, in millionaire indemnifications against the State. According to COSTA NETO (2006), the predominant confusion on the real state property documentation in units of whole protection favors the occurrence of illegal actions and turns the conflicts resolution difficult, constituting one of the main hindrances to the governmental actions for the implementation and protection of those units. It favors yet the existence of the so called \"Power to Seize Industry\", through a rush in search of great sum of indemnifications by the Public Power. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance the adoption of technical procedures which incorporate modern methodologies of Digital Cartography so the plans can be compatible, deed and old descriptive memorials to cartographic bases geo-referred and unified, in order to streamline the work in defense of the State interests, saving the treasury from unsuitable indemnifications. For in such a way, the Forest Reserve of the Curucutú was overcome as object of studies, property of the Government of the State of São Paulo, with characteristics techniques sufficiently diversified, and that it served of paradigm for the establishment and application of the procedures in the excessively immovable ones well.

Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe técnicas de Cartografia Digital para um melhor embasamento técnico do Estado na defesa do patrimônio imobiliário estadual em ações judiciais que versem sobre questões relacionadas ao direito de uso e ocupação de terras públicas, em grande parte situadas em áreas de preservação ambiental e que resultam, muitas vezes, em indenizações milionárias contra o Estado. Segundo COSTA NETO (2006), a confusão que predomina na documentação da propriedade imobiliária em unidades de proteção integral favorece a ocorrência de ações ilegais e dificulta a resolução de conflitos, constituindo um dos principais obstáculos às ações governamentais para implantação e proteção dessas unidades. Favorece, ainda, a existência da denominada \"indústria das desapropriações\", por meio de uma corrida em busca de grandes somas de indenizações pelo poder público. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a adoção de procedimentos técnicos que incorporem metodologias modernas de Cartografia Digital a fim de que possam ser compatibilizadas plantas, escrituras e memoriais descritivos antigos à bases cartográficas georreferenciadas e unificadas, a fim de agilizar trabalhos de defesa dos interesses do Estado, poupando o erário público de indenizações improcedentes. Para tanto, tomou-se como objeto de estudos a Reserva Florestal do Curucutú, imóvel do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, com características técnicas bastante diversificadas, e que bem serviu de paradigma para o estabelecimento e aplicação dos procedimentos nos demais imóveis. / This master thesis proposes techniques of Digital Cartography for the enhancement of the technical bases of the State in the defense of its real state patrimony in judicial actions regarding the issues related to the right of use and occupation of public lands, in great part located in areas of environmental preservation resulting, many times, in millionaire indemnifications against the State. According to COSTA NETO (2006), the predominant confusion on the real state property documentation in units of whole protection favors the occurrence of illegal actions and turns the conflicts resolution difficult, constituting one of the main hindrances to the governmental actions for the implementation and protection of those units. It favors yet the existence of the so called \"Power to Seize Industry\", through a rush in search of great sum of indemnifications by the Public Power. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance the adoption of technical procedures which incorporate modern methodologies of Digital Cartography so the plans can be compatible, deed and old descriptive memorials to cartographic bases geo-referred and unified, in order to streamline the work in defense of the State interests, saving the treasury from unsuitable indemnifications. For in such a way, the Forest Reserve of the Curucutú was overcome as object of studies, property of the Government of the State of São Paulo, with characteristics techniques sufficiently diversified, and that it served of paradigm for the establishment and application of the procedures in the excessively immovable ones well.

Legionella pneumophila, l’agent responsable de la légionellose est transmissible à l’Homme par les aérosols environnementaux et infecte les macrophages pulmonaires. Après l’exposition à différents stress L. pneumophila est capable de d’entrer dans un état Viable Non Cultivable (VBNC) qui semble être une stratégie de survie. L’objectif de nos travaux était d’étudier l’état VBNC de différentes souches de L. pneumophila après des traitements thermique et chimique et d’évaluer le pouvoir infectieux des formes VBNC envers les macrophages et les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires. Nous avons étudié les profils physiologiques de L. pneumophila de trois souches différentes. Les résultats montrent que pour chaque souche 3 populations peuvent être identifiées, les légionelles viables cultivables, les VBNC et les bactéries mortes. Lorsque soumises aux stress, chaque souche possède un profil physiologique propre et la présence ou non de bactéries VBNC était dépendante du traitement appliqué et de la souche utilisée. La deuxième partie fut relative à l’étude des traitements thermiques de 70°C pendant 30 min et des chocs au dioxyde de chlore de 4, 6 et 7 mg/L pendant 60 min à température ambiante sur ces VBNC. Aucune légionelle VBNC n’est capable de se développer au sein des cellules et aucune croissance sur milieu BCYE n’a été observée après co-culture. La suite de notre étude a été d’étudier le comportement, envers les macrophages, de L. pneumophila revivifiées après culture sur amibes. Les résultats montrent que les légionelles VBNC induites par choc thermique et revivifiées par co-culture sur Acanthamoeba polyphaga sont capables d’infecter de nouveau les macrophages. En conclusion, ces résultats suggèrent que: (i) les formes VBNC de L. pneumophila ne sont pas spontanément infectieuses pour les macrophages et les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires in vitro et (ii) elles peuvent devenir pathogènes pour les cellules humaines après revivification préalable sur A. polyphaga / Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionellosis is transmitted to human through aerosols from environmental sources and invades lung’s macrophages. It also can replicate within various protozoan species in environmental reservoirs. Following exposures to various stresses, L. pneumophila enters a Viable Non Cultivable state (VBNC) which is likely to be a survival strategy. The objective of our work was to study the VBNC forms of several strains of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 obtained after thermal and chemical treatments and to evaluate the infectivity of these VBNC forms against macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. First we studied the physiological patterns of the three different strains (Philadelphia GFP 008, 044 clinical and environmental RNN). For all strains we observed the presence of VBNC bacteria in the native (non stressed) state. The results show that for each strain, three populations of Legionella can be identified: viable and culturable, VBNC and dead cells. Once submitted to the various stresses, we observed that each strain had its own physiological pattern and the presence (or not) of VBNC bacteria was dependent on the applied treatment and the strain used. The second part was related to the study of the pathogenicity of these VBNC forms against macrophages or epithelial cells. The study focused on heat shock treatment at 70°C for 30 min and chlorine dioxide treatment at 4, 6 and 7 mg/L for 60 min at room temperature. The results show that no Legionella VBNC forms were able to grow within the cells and no growth on BCYE medium was observed after co-culture. Then we investigated the behavior of L. pneumophila resuscitated after culture on ameba within macrophages. The results shows that Legionella VBNC induced by heat shock treatment and resuscitated by Acanthamoeba polyphaga co-culture are able to infect macrophages. In conclusion, these results suggest that: (i) the VBNC forms of L. pneumophila are not infectious for macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells in vitro and; (ii) they can be pathogenic for human cells after revivification by an amoeba (A. polyphaga)