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v. 1. Texto + CD-ROM - v. 2. Mapas / Resumo: Neste trabalho, elaboraram-se mapas temáticos, enfocando os espaços físico-ambiental e sócio-econômico do Vale do Jequitinhonha, Estado de Minas Gerais, e mapas físicos da bacia do Araçuaí, tributário do rio Jequitinhonha. A escolha dessa bacia deveu-se a seu papel de fundamental importância dentro do Vale do Jequitinhonha e por ser uma bacia que engloba 20.5% da área do Vale. É de grande importante para a manutenção do abastecimento hídrico e para a prática da agricultura. Justifica-se, portanto, a orientação do estudo de caso para ela, já que os problemas encontrados nessa bacia podem ocorrer em outras bacias menores. Desse modo, a compilação da cartografia básica sobre o Vale e, em especial a da Bacia do rio Araçuaí, que tem como objetivo essencial fornecer as bases para o conhecimento da capacidade do meio ambiente físico e de alguns processos a ele inerentes, intenta fornecer aos planejadores e gestores a ferramenta básica para um consistente programa de desenvolvimento sustentável, condizente com os propósitos referenciados anteriormente. Para tanto, o conhecimento do potencial dos recursos naturais regionais torna-se imprescindível para que se planeje uma utilização racional que contribua para a sustentabilidade regional. Foram utilizadas técnicas cartográficas e o geoprocessamento para obter o Potencial Natural de erosão da bacia do Araçuaí através da USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation). Objetiva-se, com os mapas temáticos produzidos, dar subsídio aos estudos de sustentabilidade na área. O material elaborado poderá servir, também, como base cartográfica para que pesquisadores e estudantes possam obter dados georreferenciados sobre a bacia, através da Internet. Como produto complementar da dissertação, foi elaborado um atlas do Vale do Jequitinhonha, apresentado tanto na forma convencional (papel), como na forma digital, (Compact Disc-CD)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work, thematic maps were elaborated focusing on the physical and environmental spaces and social-economical aspects of the "Vale do Jequitinhonha" in the State of Minas Gerais; and physical maps of the Basin of the "Araçuaí, tributary of the "Jequitinhonha" River. This Basin was chosen because it encloses 20.5% of the Vale's area. It is of great importance for the maintenance of the water supply and for the agriculture. Therefore, it is justified to study it, as a case study, because the problems found there can happen in other smaller basins. The objective of the basic cartographic compilation of the "Vale" and specially of the "Rio Araçuaí" basin is to supply the planners and administrators the fundamental system of knowledge of the capacity of the physical environment and some of its related processes, giving them, therefore, basic tools for a consistent sustainable development which will fulfil the aforementioned objectives. In order to plan a rational and practical use of this potential, which will provide for the regional support, it is of the utmost importance to know it well. To obtain the Natural Potential of erosion of the "Araçuaí" Basin were used cartographic techniques and geoprocessing through the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE. The objective of the maps made is to give support to the sustainabilily studies of the area. The compiled material could also be used as cartographic basis, so that researchers and students could obtain geo-referred data through the Internet. As an additional, to supplement the dissertation, it was produced, both in paper and in digital (compact disc-CD), an atlas of the "Vale do Jequitinhonha". Each map has a description of the used methodology and an analysis' summary of the presented work. / Orientador: Lucia Helena de Oliveira Gerardi / Coorientador: José Flávio Moraes Castro / Banca: Paulina Setti Riedel / Banca: Roberto Célio Valadão / Dados retirados da capa: indicação de v. 2 / Mestre

<p>This thesis concerns object oriented modelling and automatic generalisation of geographic information. The focus however is not on traditional paper maps, but on screen maps that are automatically generated from a geographical database. Object oriented modelling is used to design screen maps that are equipped with methods that automatically extracts information from a geographical database, generalises the information and displays it on a screen. The thesis consists of three parts: a theoretical background, an object oriented model that incorporates automatic generalisation of geographic information and a case study where parts of the model have been implemented.</p><p>An object oriented model is an abstraction of reality for a certain purpose. The theoretical background describes different aspects that have impact on how an object oriented model shall be designed for automatic generalisation. The following topics are described: category theory, the human ability to recognise visual patterns, previous work in automatic cartographic generalisation, and object oriented modelling.</p><p>A view is here defined to consist of several static levels, or maps, defined at different resolutions. As the user zooms the level that is appropriate for the particular resolution is shown. An object class belongs to one and only one level and has a certain symbolisation. The automatic creation of new objects in a level is discussed as well as the relation between objects in different levels. To preserve topological relations between objects in a level a network structure is formed between all linear objects in a level and objects that might cause conflicts are modelled using dependencies.</p><p>The model is designed for a set of typical geographical object classes such as road, railroad, lake, river, stream, building, built-up area etc. The model is designed to handle information in a scale-range from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. The model has been implemented for a subset of these classes and tested for an area covering approximatley 60 km².</p>

Hachures in Digital Cartography Abstract This thesis deals with the possibilities of creating hachures, especially slope and shadow, in digital cartography. First part focuses on utilization of hachures and its construction in classic cartography. The rules that should be observed by the mapmaker are described. In the next section are delineated the current possibilities how to create hachures in digital cartography. The existing algorithms are evaluated. On the basis of the rules and research of literature is designed own methodology. Emphasis is put on automation using digital terrain model. The work as well contains testing the algorithm on the real data. Key words: hachures, digital cartography, hypsography

Resumo: O controle de qualidade (CQ) de dados cartográficos é uma atividade de extrema importância dentro das Ciências Cartográficas. Envolve, em geral, a análise de 7 elementos, dentre eles a qualidade posicional do produto cartográfico. No Brasil, a análise da qualidade posicional é baseada no PEC (Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica), contida no Decreto Lei 89.817 de 20/06/1984, o qual foi concebido quando se tinha disponível apenas tecnologia para gerar produtos analógicos. A realidade hoje é outra, já que a cartografia digital tem praticamente substituído a analógica. Os objetivos principais deste trabalho são os seguintes: investigar os problemas relacionados ao controle de qualidade tendo em vista a cartografia digital, incluindo o Decreto Lei 89.817; apresentar um estudo detalhado sobre amostragem, visando identificar o número de pontos necessários no controle de qualidade posicional baseado em fundamentos científicos. A metodologia proposta consiste em aplicar estudos sobre amostragem e testes estatísticos de análise de tendência e precisão a dados disponíveis e com isso determinar procedimentos e rotinas ideais para avaliar, não só a qualidade posicional, mas também da linhagem, fidelidade de atributos, completeza, consistência lógica, fidelidade à semântica e temporalidade. / Abstract: The quality control (CQ) of cartographic data is an activity of great value in the field of Cartographic Sciences. It involves, generally, the analysis of 7 elements, among them the positional quality of the cartographic product. In Brazil, it is based in Brazilian Cartographic Accuracy Standard contained in the Decree Law 89.817 of 06/20/1984, conceived in the moment that only analogical products were available. Nowadays, the reality is different, because the digital cartography has been substituting the analogical one. The main objectives of this work are the following ones: (a) to investigate the problems related for digital cartography's quality control, including the Decree 89.817; (b) to present a detailed study on sampling, concerning to identify the amount points of necessary in the quality control based on scientific foundations. The proposed methodology consists in applying studies on sampling, statistical tests tendency and precision analysis for available data and, thereafter, to determine procedures and suitable routines for evaluating not only the positional quality but also lineage, atttribute accuracy, completeness, logical consistency, semantic accuracy and temporal information. / Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico / Coorientador: Vilma Mayumi Tachibana / Banca: Leonardo Castro de Oliveira / Banca: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo / Mestre

This thesis concerns object oriented modelling and automatic generalisation of geographic information. The focus however is not on traditional paper maps, but on screen maps that are automatically generated from a geographical database. Object oriented modelling is used to design screen maps that are equipped with methods that automatically extracts information from a geographical database, generalises the information and displays it on a screen. The thesis consists of three parts: a theoretical background, an object oriented model that incorporates automatic generalisation of geographic information and a case study where parts of the model have been implemented. An object oriented model is an abstraction of reality for a certain purpose. The theoretical background describes different aspects that have impact on how an object oriented model shall be designed for automatic generalisation. The following topics are described: category theory, the human ability to recognise visual patterns, previous work in automatic cartographic generalisation, and object oriented modelling. A view is here defined to consist of several static levels, or maps, defined at different resolutions. As the user zooms the level that is appropriate for the particular resolution is shown. An object class belongs to one and only one level and has a certain symbolisation. The automatic creation of new objects in a level is discussed as well as the relation between objects in different levels. To preserve topological relations between objects in a level a network structure is formed between all linear objects in a level and objects that might cause conflicts are modelled using dependencies. The model is designed for a set of typical geographical object classes such as road, railroad, lake, river, stream, building, built-up area etc. The model is designed to handle information in a scale-range from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. The model has been implemented for a subset of these classes and tested for an area covering approximatley 60 km2. / <p>NR 20140805</p>

This thesis engages with sustainable cultural heritage by considering how user-produced maps may reveal new knowledge about heritage values. Through interrogating whether authorized heritage values and unauthorized heritage values are aligned, as manifested in cartographical sources, by taking the World Heritage city of Visby, Sweden as a case study. The thesis will use primary source maps produced by users and compare them to sites of authorized heritage values to determine if, and where, new and divergent heritage values may appear. By considering a bottom-up approach to cultural heritage valuation, as well as supporting the preservation of user heritage values, this thesis contributes how to sustainably plan for cultural heritage from both a social and physical perspective.            The findings from the study reveal how heritage is functioning within the city of Visby, and the larger Gotland Island, to both reenforce authorized values, as well as portray new sites of heritage values. A major feature of Visby and Gotland has to do with its many periods of heritagization, which have created a phenomenon described by the user-produced maps as several heritages existing together in a singular geographical location. The user-produced maps are therefore proved to be exceptionally rich sources for user values and trends related to heritage, and should be considered for digital preservation for scholars, learners and those preserving heritage environments into the future. This study demonstrates the usefulness of user-produced maps as primary sources, and highlights key ways in which authorized heritages may be limiting to user contributions. Therefore, initiatives to encourage users to continue to create maps related to their heritage values should be encouraged. The creation of digital maps by users has limitless potential to enrich, portray, and preserve the lived heritage realities of the users, supplementing the authorized heritage values already established.

Landslides, scree and other specific terrain objects in topographical databases and digital cartography Abstract Topographic maps capture detailed information about terrain. In traditional analogous way of creating these maps, understandable and illustrating cartographic symbology was used. However, certain spheres of symbology were modified with transition to digital topographic databases and digital cartography. Now they carry less information and are less illustrative. Main cause of this inaccuracy is imperfection of the cartographic software, which is unable to create appropriate symbology. This diploma thesis tries to solve aforesaid problem for some specific terrain objects as scree and landslides. These shapes are distinctive geomorphologic phenomenon in terrain, but they are often neglected as their occurrence in our territory is infrequent. Key words: topographic maps, digital cartography, scree, landslide, specific terrain object

Automation of "contour method" for cliff drawing Abstract This thesis deals with the design of automated creation of cartographic representation of rocks - specifically contour methods. Based on the study of the rules of this method and its use on analog maps, rules for its processing in digital cartography were designed and an algorithm for automated creation of this representation was designed and implemented. The algorithm is based on the design of the contour method described in the study Topographic mapping of rock formations with the use of airborne laser scanning data by J. Lysák (2016) and the output data of the study Sandstone landscapes in GIS by M. Tomková (2015). The algorithm was implemented in the form of Python scripts using the arcpy library. The thesis also includes testing the algorithm on data from sandstone areas in the Czech Republic. key words: rocks formations, visualization of hypsography , digital cartography, contour method

Ao considerarmos o mapa como linguagem, admitimos que haja implicações no processo de comunicação dependentes do suporte no qual as representações tomam forma. Assim, conforme se avolumam experiências pedagógicas com produtos da cartografia no meio digital, torna-se pertinente a análise dos condicionantes da relação humano-mapa nesse novo contexto. No primeiro capítulo da dissertação, tendo como referência as possibilidades de comunicações ensejadas pelos mapas interativos, é apresentada uma aproximação ao estágio atual da produção intelectual de estudantes, professores e pesquisadores sobre as práticas didáticas com recursos cartográficos digitais no ensino escolar de Geografia no Brasil. Ao final do capítulo, concluímos que, em geral, o uso didático desses recursos não contempla conceitual e metodologicamente as características exclusivas dos mapas interativos. Diante do cenário inicial, procuramos responder duas questões: quais são as propriedades exclusivas do sistema de comunicação nos mapas interativos e por meio de qual concepção de uso didático elas podem potencializar os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem. Para isso, no segundo capítulo são procuradas e descritas as diferenças essenciais da comunicação com os conteúdos no meio digital. Esse trabalho é feito por meio dos conceitos de interatividade e de visualização cartográfica, os quais permitem uma nova condição do estudante diante do mapa. A nova condição, de participação ativa do usuário no processo de comunicação cartográfica, altera o sistema clássico cartógrafo mapa leitor , implicando na necessidade de atualização conceitual e metodológica das práticas cartográficas. A partir do contraste entre as duas partes iniciais, propomos uma apropriação pedagógica do conceito de visualização cartográfica. Tal proposta de apropriação foi usada para desenvolver uma situação de aprendizagem baseada nos princípios teórico-metodológicos da Atividade Orientadora de Ensino, que são descritos no início do terceiro capítulo. Para elaborar a situação de aprendizagem, definimos seu conteúdo de ensino (conceito de orientação espacial) e avaliamos as características do software usado (Google Earth). A escolhe desses elementos se deu a partir do trabalho de observação feito em dois 6º anos, cada um em uma escola municipal de São Paulo. Ao final do terceiro capítulo descrevemos a experiência do pré-teste em uma das escolas, o que nos levou, depois de ajustes, a uma versão final da situação de aprendizagem. No quarto capítulo analisamos qualitativamente o diálogo e uma representação gráfica de um grupo de estudantes. Nossa análise mostra como características próprias de ambientes cartográficos interativos, quando congruentes com uma metodologia fundamentada em princípios dos estudos psicopedagógicos, podem contribuir para que o aluno se aproprie de conteúdos da Geografia escolar. / When considering the map as a language we admit that there are implications for the communication process which depend on the means through which the representations take shape. Therefore, as pedagogical experiences pile up with cartography products in digital medium, the analysis of the limitations of digital media in the relationship between human being and map becomes pertinent. The first chapter presents an approach to the current stage of intellectual production of students, teachers and researchers about the didactic practices with digital cartography resources in scholar teaching of geography in Brazil. The possibilities of communications created by interactive maps are taken as a refence in this analysis. At the end of the chapter, we conclude that in general, didactic uses of such resources do not contemplate conceptually and methodologically the exclusive characteristics of interactive maps. Given this scenario, we intended to investigate two themes in the research: a) what the unique properties of the communication system in the interactive maps are, and b) through which concept of didactic use such properties may contribute to the teaching and the learning processes. Towards that aim, in the second chapter, the essential differences of communication with the map contents in the digital medium are sought and described. Concepts of interactivity and cartographic visualization which allow a new condition of the student in front of the map are drawn upon at this stage. The new conditions of the active participation of the user in the cartographic communication process break up with the conventional system cartographer map reader and this break implies a conceptual and methodological update of the cartographic practices. From the contrast between the two initial parts we propose a pedagogical appropriation of cartographic visualization concept. That proposed appropriation was used to develop a learning situation based on the theoretical-methodological principles of the Activity Guide in teaching. These principles are described at the beginning of the third chapter. To develop the learning situation, we define the learning content (concept of spatial orientation) and evaluate the characteristics of the software used (Google Earth). The choice of these elements spawned from the observation of two 6th year classes each from a different school in São Paulo city. At the end of the third chapter we describe the experience of pre-testing of the didactic situation at one of the schools. The final version of the learning situation was developed from the pre-testing and its adjustment. In the fourth chapter we analyze qualitatively the dialogue and graphic representation from a group of students. Our analysis shows how characteristics of interactive maps, when congruent with a methodology based on the principles of psycho-pedagogical studies can help the student to appropriate of the geographic school content.