With the fast development of the economy,there are several problems that appear on the conservation of cultural heritage in China. Sweden has a long history on cultural heritage conservation and therefore has a comparative advanced system on cultural heritage. The objective of this thesis is to study the Swedish system on cultural heritage conservation and applying it in a Chinese context. The situation of cultural heritage conservation in Sweden will be described and the applied methods analysed. In addition, the cultural heritage conservation in China is described. Thus, after the analysis, the gained knowledge was applied to a Chinese context.

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The aim of the research is 1) to introduce a definition of the concept of al-Aqsa Mosque and 2) to understand its architectural development and evolution in the early Islamic period within the cultural context of the site. The initial cause of the study was that almost nothing is known about the Muslim building activities at the enclave and there is very little information about it. The existing interpretations of the early development of al-Aqsa Mosque have been generated either from a typological and formal-aesthetic point of view or are based on interpretation constant with biblical texts. This thesis attempts to expand these interpretations with contributions by additional historical, archaeological and architectural investigations of the early Muslim architecture of the enclave within the Islamic cultural context. In order to achieve these main objectives, a systematic survey of the different parts of al-Aqsa was carried out and archaeological excavations of the site were stu died and both helped determine the significance of the site of al-Aqsa Mosque in each period of development. The thesis also investigated the urban context of al-Aqsa enclave and concluded that the earliest ancient traces in the foundation are mainly Roman and were destroyed in the 1st century AD when the site lost its significance and was situated outside the urban form of Aelia. Muslims reaffirm al-Aqsa Mosque for its religious significance in Islam after their conquest of Jerusalem. The Muslim had complete sovereignty over al-Aqsa Mosque in 638 AD and its initial revitalisation encompassed some building activities including the delineation of a house of prayer. Significant construction activities at al-Aqsa enclave were initiated a few decades after the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem. The surviving early Muslim building types, styles, decorative features and construction type provide evidence to show that they date back to the early Islamic period. Even this time could be narrowed down to the time of the Umayyad caliph 'Abd al-Malik. 'Abd al-Malik saw Jerusalem as a place where he could best proclaim his power and therefore he developed a fully threedimensional Muslim image of Jerusalem. The architecture of the enclave and its syntax presents considered and precise planning, a high quality of building skills and careful attention to the structural problems of its parts. Certain buildings are produced from relics in response to particular functional demands practised at the enclave. In relating the early Muslim buildings of the enclave to its given topography, neither their places nor forms, functions nor meanings are accidental. Each fits into its place within an overall architectural formula of al-Aqsa Mosque. From a comparison and evaluation of building types and architectural configurations, the study concludes that the early Muslim monuments have been built in response to Muslims' religious and cultural requirements. Annular centralised buildings have been c onstructed to fulfil cultural and functional requirements and reflect religious values. As for the broad house type of the Congregation Mosque, it was also created to meet the same purpose of the Muslims' religious functions, and its origin can be found in the plan of the Prophet Mosque in Madīnah. The thesis concludes with a set of recommendations for further research that would attract public awareness towards the cultural heritage of Islamic Jerusalem.

Contrairement à l'opinion dominante, les nouvelles technologies n'ont pas toujours un impact positif sur la qualité des métadonnées dans le secteur culturel. Après dix ans d'expérience avec les projets de numérisation dans nos musées, bibliothèques et archives, une réflexion critique se montre plus que jamais nécessaire pour évaluer à quelles conditions ce genre de projets d'informatisation peuvent offrir une valeur ajoutée pour la documentation de notre patrimoine culturel. Cette réflexion se base, entre autres, sur un ensemble de case studies représentatifs dans un contexte international. A cette fin, nous présenterons et définirons un cadre méthodologique et conceptuel original concernant l'impact des technologies sur la qualité des métadonnées. Sur cette base, nous proposons et expérimentons trois approches opérationnelles novatrices en vue d'améliorer la qualité des systèmes d'information déployés dans le secteur culturel.

A Dissertation of limited scope submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course-work degree of Masters of Recreation and Tourism in the Department for Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2012. / Cultural heritage tourism refers to travelling to experience the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present, such activities are found in living communities, these are signs that the past and present spoken of is authentic and rooted in the experience of the people. The importance of this study was to help create cultural heritage awareness among the people of the Zululand District Municipality. This was to be achieved by focusing on establishing the potential of cultural heritage tourism and finding out if cultural heritage tourism can be a driver of rural development. Cultural heritage tourism can be used to generate financial and social benefits using resources within the communities. The intention was to find out if the study area does have such cultural heritage resources, if so, how these resources could contribute to the development of the study area. The key objectives of this research study were achieved as reflected in Chapter 4. The objectives of this study are as follows:  To identify cultural heritage resources available in the study area.  To view local communities perception towards cultural heritage tourism development.  To assess the level of participation by the local community in cultural heritage development.  To discover strategies used by the Zululand District Municipality to transform cultural heritage assets into tourism products.  To establish the contribution of cultural heritage tourism resources towards the economic upliftment of the community in the study area. The findings of the research study revealed that, the study area has cultural heritage resources which are available but are not utilised to the benefit of the community as yet. The level of the community participation in the development of cultural heritage tourism is therefore limited. The major problem with participation is caused by the lack of involvement in decision making of the respondents; the findings indicate that they are willing to learn more about cultural heritage tourism which will enhance their capacity to participate in tourism development.

Arizona has an exceptionally rich cultural heritage, and yet only a small fraction of this legacy has been digitized and made available online through the Arizona Memory Project and other collections. With IMLS funding, the University of Arizona’s DigIn program is carrying out research (grant ending 2012) on digital collection development and digital curation activities in a diverse sampling of Tucson-area cultural heritage institutions, especially those representing underserved communities. We are gathering data on a range of factors influencing the decision to start digital projects, and the sustainability of digitization at a time of limited resources. Our goal is to assess the feasibility of new or expanded digital projects, and to define best practices for institutions pursuing small-scale digitization efforts especially. In this program we will share our preliminary results and discuss future efforts to advance the digitization of cultural heritage by librarians and information professionals across Arizona and the West.

Cultural heritage is fundamentally important to humanity. Societies around the world have recognized this for centuries. However, in the context of war, damage to cultural heritage goes unnoticed until it is too late. Palestinian cultural heritage is disappearing at a rate of 12,000 pieces per year. If this destruction continues, there may not be any cultural heritage left for future generations. This paper examines the current legal framework in place for the protection of Palestinian cultural heritage in light of the biggest threats to it, in order to determine if there is an adequate legal framework in place for the protection of Palestinian cultural heritage. Then, considering how many cultural heritage pieces have already been illicitly exported from the Palestinian territories, I examine the legal duties of the Palestinian government, Israeli government, and International governments that may aid in the restitution of Palestinian cultural heritage.

The aim of this study is to explore the role of authenticity in heritage festivals in Korea. It compares and critically evaluates the commodification of heritage festivals in Korea by investigating the tourists’, the performers’ (ethnic community) and the policy makers’ perceptions of authenticity based on comparative case studies and detailed empirical investigations of two contrasting heritage festivals in Korea. As one of the most debated issues in heritage tourism, authenticity has been an important topic of discussion. However, current authenticity research has been dominated by the naturalistic tradition with a strong emphasis on theory building. This study addresses the gap between conceptual and detailed empirical research in the area of authenticity. Therefore, this study identified stakeholders; visitors, performers and policy makers’ perception of authenticity in two comparative cultural heritage festival. The Baudeogi Festival in Anseong was selected as the first case study as it is representative of a commodified heritage festival. The Baudeogi Festival was started under deliberate government strategy in 2001 to promote local development. The second cases study, the Danoje Festival in Gangneung, was selected as representative of ancient forms of festivals. The Danoje festival is preserved and inherited from generation to generation for centuries by the local community and was registered as world intangible heritage by UNESCO in 2005. 800 visitor surveys were conducted with 17 interviews from festival performers and policymakers in both case festivals to identify their motivations for participating and their perceptions of authenticity. Several important findings emerged. Firstly, visitors’ characteristics at both festivals showed slight differences reflecting the character of the local area. Danoje visitors were younger than Baudeogi visitors while most Baudeogi visitors were with a family group whereas Danoje visitors also had a considerable number of friend/colleague groups. Regarding motivation, Baudeogi visitors generally showed stronger motivation than Danoje visitors about heritage festival visitation. The motivation to visit heritage festival were reduced through factor analysis to four each dimensions: cultural learning; escape/family togetherness; the need for authenticity; and enjoyment/socialisation factor at Baudeogi while enjoyment/novelty authenticity/cultural learning, family togetherness escape/socialisation were divers to those attending in the Danoje Festival. Secondly, authenticity was understood differently by stakeholders. Among visitors’ motivation, existential authenticity was identified as a strongest predictor for overall satisfaction from both festivals. Otherwise, performers and policy makers largely showed objective-related authenticity providers of the festival. However, there were tactical variations: performers and policy makers displayed existential authenticity as a means of engineering visitor satisfaction. Furthermore, the commodified Baudeogi festival was commonly perceived as staged authenticity (Cohen 1979) by visitors, where performers and local government viewed it as real in a staged setting whereas central and regional government perceived it as contrived authenticity, as a staged festival. In contrast, Gangneung Danoje Festival was perceived as an authentic experience by all levels of governments and by performers as real in a real setting, while it was perceived as denial of authenticity by visitors as staged festival. This result indicated that the perception of authenticity was identified as depending on personal judgement (Cohen 1988). Finally, through linear multiple regression analysis, visitors’ motivation and perception of authenticity was identified as an influence to visitors’ post-trip behaviours (satisfaction, recommendation and revisit). For the Danoje Festival, visitors’ perception of authenticity showed effective causal relationship to visitors’ intention of recommendation. Also, visitor satisfaction more strongly affected to intention of recommend and revisit. Keywords: Local Cultural Heritage Festival, Perception of Authenticity, Commodification, Stakeholders, Motivation, Satisfaction

The current lack of federal heritage policy and legislation in Canada is examined through a comparative study with two other formerly colonial Commonwealth countries, Australia and New Zealand. The full responsibility for protecting the nation’s cultural heritage has been left to individual provinces and a comparative study of policy and legislation across Canada is undertaken. The archaeological excavation at the site of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights has proven to be one of the most significant in the province of Manitoba and serves as the case study for this research. All of this comparative research aspires toward a single goal; the creation of a best practices model broadly applicable to the provinces of Canada, which aims to provide a basis for the creation of federal heritage policy and legislation in meaningful consultation with Indigenous communities. / February 2017

Since 2000, important advances have been made worldwide in the dendrochronology of wood associated with past human activity and cultural heritage. This review summarizes this recent progress in regions with a longstanding tradition of using tree-ring methods, such as Europe and the USA, as well as others such as Asia where developments have been particularly rapid in recent years. The oldest wood generally originates from archaeological sites and the largest amount of wood for research comes from historical structures such as monumental and vernacular architecture. In addition to construction wood, wooden doors, ceilings, furniture, objects of art (such as panel paintings and sculptures), Medieval books, musical instruments and boats can also be utilized. Dating is the first and crucial step of the research and is often difficult even in regions where dendrochronology has a long history of use. In addition to absolute dates, dendrochronology has provided extra information that has enhanced historical knowledge from other sources. Behavioral and environmental inferencing and dendroprovenancing are becoming major areas of research in regions with well-developed networks of reference chronologies and active cooperation among laboratories. The online Bibliography of Dendrochronology and information from conferences have been indispensable in this compilation, because much work related to dendrochronology in cultural heritage is still published in ‘‘gray’’ literature, making it difficult to access.