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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Hypervelocity Impact Experimentation of a Novel Micrometeoroid/Orbital Debris Shielding Concept Imbibed with Rheologically Characterized Shear Thickening Fluids

Warren, Justin Marshall 14 December 2018 (has links)
Spacecraft are vulnerable to hypervelocity impacts (HVIs) from micrometeoroid/orbital debris (MMOD) while in space and must mitigate these using shielding. In this research aluminum honeycomb core sandwich panels filled with a shear thickening fluid (STF) were developed as a novel MMOD shielding concept. STFs display a marked rise in viscosity with increasing shear rate above a critical shear rate. The results of HVI experiments with impact velocities of ~4.8 km/s or ~6.8 km/s at 80oC or 21oC showed that incorporating a STF into shielding, as opposed to the STF’s liquid phase alone, can reduce damage to the core and the likelihood of back-side facesheet perforation in the event of HVI. STFs can be subjected to a significant temperature variation in many applications such as the HVI experiments in this research or when deployed on the surface of a spacecraft. The effect of temperature on the shear-thickening behavior was investigated using four low molecular weight polymeric glycols/fumed-silica suspensions. The dispersed phase volumeraction, its surface chemistry, and the chemical compositions of the suspending media were varied in a series of steady shear rheological characterizations over a range of temperatures. It was thought that hydroclustering mechanism initiated the onset of shear thickening, and this onset was shown to be more closely correlated to a critical shear rate rather than a critical shear stress. Evidence of the hydroclustering mechanism was sought using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments. SANS steady state rheological characterization experiments were carried out on five low molecular weight polymeric glycols/fumed-silica STFs at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. The SANS experiments were conducted at shear rates below the critical shear rates, at the critical shear rates, and during shear thickening. In all the SANS experiments, the results showed an increase in scattering intensity with increasing shear rates indicating an evolution of the suspension microstructure consistent with the formation of hydroclusters.
2

Development of ultrasonic shear wave elastography for rheological properties assessment / Développement d'un système d'élastographie ultrasonore par ondes de cisaillement pour l'estimation des propriétés rhéologiques

Budelli, Eliana 17 March 2017 (has links)
L’élastographie par ondes de cisaillement consiste essentiellement en deux étapes: d'abord, une onde de cisaillement est générée en appliquant soigneusement une source contrôlée externe (par exemple actionneur mécanique ou force de rayonnement ultrasonore); Alors les déplacements induits sont imagés et l'élasticité tissulaire est déduite de la propagation d'onde de cisaillement mesurée. Cependant, avec les techniques d'élastographie actuellement disponibles, l'estimation quantitative correcte de la viscosité n'est pas possible. Dans ce contexte, le but principal de cette thèse est double: d'abord, développer un outil capable d'estimer simultanément les propriétés viscoélastiques d'un solide souple, notamment en utilisant l'imagerie par cisaillement supersonique, puis de l'appliquer aux certains problèmes rencontrés en médecine et l'industrie alimentaire.La première étape consiste à utiliser la technique SSI pour générer des cartes de vitesses des ondes de cisaillement dans des milieux solides mous et isotropes. Dans ce contexte, cette technique a été utilisée pour évaluer le processus de coagulation du lait. Au cours de cette étape, les limites de la technique SSI pour obtenir une caractérisation rhéologique complète des solides viscoélastiques sont mis en évidence. Pour parvenir à cette caractérisation, la vitesse de propagation ondes de cisaillement et la absorption que l’onde subi en traversant le milieu doivent être évalués à la fois. Compte tenu des caractéristiques de la technique SSI, en raison des effets de diffraction due à la taille finie des sources, l’absorption ne peut pas être obtenue correctement de façon quantitative.La partie centrale de la thèse porte sur l’étude des avantages et des ses limites de la correction des effets de diffraction de la technique SSI à partir d’une approximation cylindrique. Cette étude a été réalisée expérimentalement en comparant les résultats obtenus avec ceux des simulations numériques. L’étude a montré que la correction cylindrique est utile pour estimer l'atténuation provoquée par l'absorption dans certaines conditions. Une fois déterminé la zone de validité de la procédure de correction, des cartes des vitesses et des cartes d'atténuation ont était obtenus. Ces cartes ont permis t la caractérisation rhéologique complète des milieux étudiés.Une fois validé cette correction nous avons procédé à réaliser trois applications d'intérêt pour obtenir les propriétés rhéologiques, une pour l’ industrie alimentaire et deux pour la médecine clinique : a) suivie et étude du processus de coagulation du lait b) suivie et étude de processus de la coagulation du sang in vitro, c) des expériences de caractérisation rhéologique du foie in vivo. Finalement, une étude de la correction cylindrique mis en œuvre a été utilisée pour caractériser rhéologiquement des solides mous avec isotropie transversale. Milieux avec différents degrés d'anisotropie ont été analysés à l'aide de simulations numériques. Les résultats obtenus montrent que pour de faibles niveaux d’anisotropie la correction cylindrique s’avère utile avec une erreur raisonnable. Pour des degrés plus élevés d'anisotropie la correction cylindrique conduit à des erreurs majeures dans l'estimation de l'atténuation. Des mesures des coefficients d’absorption ont été réalisées dans des phantoms de gel anisotropes et dans des échantillons de viande de bœuf avec des tissues musculaire / Shear wave elastography consists essentially of two steps: first, a shear wave is generated by an external controlled source (eg mechanical actuator or ultrasonic radiation force); then the induced displacements are imaged and the tissue elasticity is deduced from the measured shear wave propagation. However, with the currently available elastographic techniques, a quantitative estimation of viscosity is not possible. In this context, the objective of this thesis is twofold: first, to develop a tool capable of estimating the viscoelastic properties of a soft solid, in particular by using supersonic shear imaging (SSI), and then to apply it to some problems encountered in medicine and the food industry.The first stage consisted in using the SSI technique to generate shear wave velocity maps in soft, isotropic solid media. In this context, this technique was used to evaluate the milk coagulation process. During this stage, limitations of the SSI technique to obtain a complete rheological characterization of viscoelastic solids were demonstrated. To achieve this characterization, the velocity of the shear waves and the absorption generated when passing through the medium must be evaluated at the same time. Given the characteristics of the SSI technique, the absorption cannot be directly quantified due to diffraction.The central part of the thesis focuses in the study of the advantages and limitations of using a cylindrical approximation to correct the diffraction effects. This study was carried out experimentally and through numerical simulations. The study showed that cylindrical correction is useful for estimating the attenuation caused by absorption under certain conditions. After determining the validity zone of the correction, velocity and attenuation maps were obtained. These maps allowed the complete rheological characterization of the studied media.Once the correction was validated, three applications of interest were carried out to obtain rheological properties, one for the food industry and two for clinical medicine: a) monitoring the process of milk coagulation through storage and loss moduli maps b) following in vitro blood coagulation processes, c) rheological characterization experiments of the liver in vivo. Finally, the application of the cylindrical correction to characterize transversely isotropic soft solids was studied. Media with different degrees of anisotropy were analyzed through numerical simulations. The results obtained showed that for low levels of anisotropy the cylindrical correction proves useful within a reasonable error. For higher degrees of anisotropy the cylindrical correction leads to major errors in the estimation of the attenuation. Measurements of the absorption coefficients were performed in anisotropic gel phantoms and in beef samples with muscle tissue
3

Potencial do emprego de misturas de bioligante e agregados usinadas a quente para revestimentos e bases de pavimentos. / Potential of the use of hot mixtures of biobinder and aggregates in coating and base of pavements.

Camargo, Ingrid Gabrielle do Nascimento 29 March 2018 (has links)
A presente dissertação de mestrado visa avaliar e comparar o desempenho de um bioligante, obtido por processamento de material de origem vegetal, frente a ligantes asfálticos derivados do refino de petróleo. Nesse sentido, foram realizados ensaios objetivando a caracterização reológica dos ligantes e análise do comportamento mecânico de misturas usinadas destes ligante com agregados. Com auxílio de um reômetro de cisalhamento dinâmico (DSR) foram realizados os seguintes ensaios reológicos: cisalhamento oscilatório (para determinação do módulo complexo e do ângulo de fase); fluência e recuperação sob múltiplas tensões (MSCR); e varredura de amplitude linear (LAS). Uma avaliação do efeito do envelhecimento dos bioligante em comparação com um ligante convencional CAP 30/45 foi realizada com base em características reológicas e químicas. Dentre os ensaios mecânicos realizados nas misturas de ligantes com agregados usinadas a quente, tem-se: deformação permanente e módulo dinâmico. Os resultados reológicos mostram que o bioligante apresenta elevados módulos de cisalhamento dinâmico em altas frequências, mas é semelhante a um asfalto convencional nas baixas frequências. Os ensaios indicam que o bioligante pode vir a apresentar boa resistência à deformação permanente, semelhante à verificada em ligante asfáltico convencional (CAP 30/45). Tal semelhança de comportamento, entre os dois tipos de ligantes, foi igualmente verificada em ensaios mecânicos de determinação do afundamento em trilha de roda, realizados nas misturas usinadas a quente em laboratório. Os resultados reológicos de LAS indicam que o bioligante deve apresentar menor vida de fadiga. A temperatura do ensaio de envelhecimento de curto prazo interferiu significativamente na rigidez do bioligante, assinalando o expressivo efeito da temperatura de ensaio RTFOT na oxidação e na perda de voláteis do bioligante. Os índices de carbonila e de sulfóxido não se mostraram adequados para análise da oxidação e envelhecimento sofrido pelo bioligante envelhecido em diferentes condições. Os ensaios de módulo dinâmico de misturas usinadas de bioligante com agregados tendem a mostrar elevados valores, maiores que as misturas com asfalto convencional. Baseando-se na análise dos resultados reológicos e nas observações de comportamento mecânico das misturas usinadas a quente de bioligante e agregados é possível, portanto, constatar o potencial do emprego deste material inovador em camadas usinadas e compactadas de pavimentos. / This dissertation aims to evaluate and compare the performance of a biobinder obtained by processing plant material against asphalt binders derived from petroleum refining. Thus, tests were performed aiming at the rheological characterization of the binders and at the analysis of the mechanical behavior of hot mixtures processed with such binders and aggregates. With the use of Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), the following rheological tests were carried out: Oscillatory shear (in order to determine the complex modulus and phase angle); the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR); and the Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS). An evaluation of the biobinder aging effect in comparison to a conventional CAP 30/45 binder was performed based on rheological and chemical features. Among the mechanical tests carried out on binder and aggregate hot mixtures, there were: Rutting, and Dynamic Modulus tests. Rheological results show that the biobinder presents high dynamic shear modulus at high frequencies; however, it is similar to conventional asphalt at low frequencies. Tests indicate that the biobinder may present good resistance to permanent deformation, similar to that observed in conventional (CAP 30/45) asphalt binder. Such similarity in behavior in both types of binders was also verified in mechanical rutting tests performed on the hot mixtures in the laboratory. The LAS rheological results indicate that the biobinder must present a lower fatigue life. The temperature of the short-term aging test significantly interfered with the stiffness of the biobinder, pointing out the meaningful effect of the RTFOT test temperature on the oxidation and on the loss of volatiles from the biobinder. The carbonyl and sulphoxide rates were not adequate for the analysis of the oxidation and aging suffered by the biobinder aged under different conditions. Dynamic modulus assays of biobinder and aggregate hot mixtures tend to show higher values, higher than mixes with conventional asphalt. Based on the analysis of the rheological results, and on the observations of the mechanical behavior of biobinder and aggregate hot mixes, it is possible, therefore, to verify the potential of using this innovative material in hot-mix and compacted pavement layers.
4

Caracterização reológica de argamassas colantes. / Adhesive mortars rheological characterization.

Kudo, Elisabete Kioko 04 October 2012 (has links)
As argamassas colantes são produtos constituídos por areia natural ou artificial, ligantes e aditivos químicos que cumprem uma função de adesivo para assentamento de revestimentos em pisos e paredes. Sob o ponto de vista reológico, a argamassa colante é um material multifásico formado por uma pasta que envolve agregados minerais. Atualmente, o único teste preconizado em norma a fresco é o ensaio de deslizamento, que apesar de ter baixo custo e relativa facilidade de execução em laboratório. As grandes desvantagens desse método são: imprecisão e a baixa repetibilidade, além de ser insuficiente para efetuar uma avaliação mais completa desses produtos no estado fresco. Assim, técnicas de caracterização reológica (Squeeze Flow, Pull Out Flow e reometria rotacional) foram especificadas e aplicadas, como alternativa tecnológica para avaliação de argamassas colantes. Porém, o potencial da configuração tradicional do ensaio de Squeeze Flow e a reometria rotacional foram pouco explorados neste tipo de argamassa. Neste estudo foi necessário empreender ajustes de configuração. O objetivo desta dissertação foi o de aplicar métodos de caracterização reológica em argamassas colantes de mercado (ACI e ACIII) de certo fabricante e ACI formulada em laboratório composta por areias com morfologias diferentes que permitissem identificar suas características relevantes no estado fresco, avaliar a influência dos parâmetros experimentais do método de Squeeze Flow (principalmente em relação à configuração e parâmetros), avaliar a adesividade das argamassas no estado fresco e aplicar o método de reometria rotacional para avaliação das energias de mistura e reológica. Os experimentos para avaliação das configurações e parâmetros do ensaio de Squeeze Flow e Pull Out Flow mostraram que tais métodos foram sensíveis para diferenciar as argamassas e refletiram o que, na prática, é percebido: ACIII (Argamassa Colante do Tipo III) tem maior consistência que ACI (Argamassa 7 Colante do Tipo I), além de mostrar que são sensíveis às diferentes taxas de deslocamento, teores de água e morfologia de agregados. Já a reometria rotacional mostrou-se sensível para identificar e diferenciar a cinética de mistura das argamassas colantes ACI e ACIII. Os resultados indicaram que o tempo de mistura de 150 segundos foi eficiente e suficiente para homogeneizar e estabilizar as argamassas testadas, e que a argamassa do tipo ACI apresenta maior dificuldade de mistura e resulta em uma suspensão com maior viscosidade e tensão de escoamento do que a argamassa ACIII. Por fim, a aplicação dos métodos de caracterização reológica em argamassas ACI compostas por areias com morfologias diferentes, indicou que o método de Squeeze Flow mostrou ser sensível para diferentes teores de água, em argamassas compostas por areia artificial. As curvas de carga de compressão da argamassa ACI com areia artificial mostraram serem superiores às formuladas argamassas com areia natural, indicando que, com a mesma proporção de insumos e teor de água (volume), as argamassas não possuem perfis reológicos similares. / Adhesive mortars are products constituted of natural or artificial sand, binder (cement) and chemical additives which serve as an adhesive for laying floor and wall tiles. From the rheological point of view, the adhesive mortar is a multiphase material consisting of a paste that coats mineral aggregates. Currently, the only test done is the slip test, which has low cost and has a relatively easy execution. The disadvantage of this method is not to have a good repeatability and is not sufficient to evaluate products in fresh state. Thus, techniques of rheologic characterization (flow squeeze, pull out flow and rotational rheometry) were applied as technologic alternatives for evaluation of adhesive mortars. However, the potential of the traditional configuration of the Squeeze Flow test and rotational rheometry were not explored in this type of product due to the requirement of configuration settings. The purpose of this dissertation is to apply advanced methods for rheological characterization of adhesive mortars in order to identify important characteristics of fresh-state application; evaluation of the influence of the squeeze-flow experimental method (mainly due to configuration and parameters); applied rheometry techniques to evaluate the mixing energy; and to evaluate the adhesiveness of fresh mortars. The evaluation of the configuration and parameters of the Squeeze Flow and Pull Out Flow showed that the methods were sensible enough to differentiate mortars in the same way that is perceived in practice: ACIII has greater consistency than ACI, also shows that are sensitive to different rates of displacement, water content and morphology of aggregates. The mixing and rotational rheometry showed that the method is sensitive to identify and differentiate the kinetics of mixing for ACI and ACIII mortars. The results indicate that the mixing time of 150 seconds was effective to homogenize and disperse the mortars. The mixing and flow torque values are higher for ACI than for ACIII, indicating that ACI is more difficult to be mixed and has a higher viscosity and yield stress than ACIII.
5

Potencial do emprego de misturas de bioligante e agregados usinadas a quente para revestimentos e bases de pavimentos. / Potential of the use of hot mixtures of biobinder and aggregates in coating and base of pavements.

Ingrid Gabrielle do Nascimento Camargo 29 March 2018 (has links)
A presente dissertação de mestrado visa avaliar e comparar o desempenho de um bioligante, obtido por processamento de material de origem vegetal, frente a ligantes asfálticos derivados do refino de petróleo. Nesse sentido, foram realizados ensaios objetivando a caracterização reológica dos ligantes e análise do comportamento mecânico de misturas usinadas destes ligante com agregados. Com auxílio de um reômetro de cisalhamento dinâmico (DSR) foram realizados os seguintes ensaios reológicos: cisalhamento oscilatório (para determinação do módulo complexo e do ângulo de fase); fluência e recuperação sob múltiplas tensões (MSCR); e varredura de amplitude linear (LAS). Uma avaliação do efeito do envelhecimento dos bioligante em comparação com um ligante convencional CAP 30/45 foi realizada com base em características reológicas e químicas. Dentre os ensaios mecânicos realizados nas misturas de ligantes com agregados usinadas a quente, tem-se: deformação permanente e módulo dinâmico. Os resultados reológicos mostram que o bioligante apresenta elevados módulos de cisalhamento dinâmico em altas frequências, mas é semelhante a um asfalto convencional nas baixas frequências. Os ensaios indicam que o bioligante pode vir a apresentar boa resistência à deformação permanente, semelhante à verificada em ligante asfáltico convencional (CAP 30/45). Tal semelhança de comportamento, entre os dois tipos de ligantes, foi igualmente verificada em ensaios mecânicos de determinação do afundamento em trilha de roda, realizados nas misturas usinadas a quente em laboratório. Os resultados reológicos de LAS indicam que o bioligante deve apresentar menor vida de fadiga. A temperatura do ensaio de envelhecimento de curto prazo interferiu significativamente na rigidez do bioligante, assinalando o expressivo efeito da temperatura de ensaio RTFOT na oxidação e na perda de voláteis do bioligante. Os índices de carbonila e de sulfóxido não se mostraram adequados para análise da oxidação e envelhecimento sofrido pelo bioligante envelhecido em diferentes condições. Os ensaios de módulo dinâmico de misturas usinadas de bioligante com agregados tendem a mostrar elevados valores, maiores que as misturas com asfalto convencional. Baseando-se na análise dos resultados reológicos e nas observações de comportamento mecânico das misturas usinadas a quente de bioligante e agregados é possível, portanto, constatar o potencial do emprego deste material inovador em camadas usinadas e compactadas de pavimentos. / This dissertation aims to evaluate and compare the performance of a biobinder obtained by processing plant material against asphalt binders derived from petroleum refining. Thus, tests were performed aiming at the rheological characterization of the binders and at the analysis of the mechanical behavior of hot mixtures processed with such binders and aggregates. With the use of Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), the following rheological tests were carried out: Oscillatory shear (in order to determine the complex modulus and phase angle); the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR); and the Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS). An evaluation of the biobinder aging effect in comparison to a conventional CAP 30/45 binder was performed based on rheological and chemical features. Among the mechanical tests carried out on binder and aggregate hot mixtures, there were: Rutting, and Dynamic Modulus tests. Rheological results show that the biobinder presents high dynamic shear modulus at high frequencies; however, it is similar to conventional asphalt at low frequencies. Tests indicate that the biobinder may present good resistance to permanent deformation, similar to that observed in conventional (CAP 30/45) asphalt binder. Such similarity in behavior in both types of binders was also verified in mechanical rutting tests performed on the hot mixtures in the laboratory. The LAS rheological results indicate that the biobinder must present a lower fatigue life. The temperature of the short-term aging test significantly interfered with the stiffness of the biobinder, pointing out the meaningful effect of the RTFOT test temperature on the oxidation and on the loss of volatiles from the biobinder. The carbonyl and sulphoxide rates were not adequate for the analysis of the oxidation and aging suffered by the biobinder aged under different conditions. Dynamic modulus assays of biobinder and aggregate hot mixtures tend to show higher values, higher than mixes with conventional asphalt. Based on the analysis of the rheological results, and on the observations of the mechanical behavior of biobinder and aggregate hot mixes, it is possible, therefore, to verify the potential of using this innovative material in hot-mix and compacted pavement layers.
6

Caracterização reológica de argamassas colantes. / Adhesive mortars rheological characterization.

Elisabete Kioko Kudo 04 October 2012 (has links)
As argamassas colantes são produtos constituídos por areia natural ou artificial, ligantes e aditivos químicos que cumprem uma função de adesivo para assentamento de revestimentos em pisos e paredes. Sob o ponto de vista reológico, a argamassa colante é um material multifásico formado por uma pasta que envolve agregados minerais. Atualmente, o único teste preconizado em norma a fresco é o ensaio de deslizamento, que apesar de ter baixo custo e relativa facilidade de execução em laboratório. As grandes desvantagens desse método são: imprecisão e a baixa repetibilidade, além de ser insuficiente para efetuar uma avaliação mais completa desses produtos no estado fresco. Assim, técnicas de caracterização reológica (Squeeze Flow, Pull Out Flow e reometria rotacional) foram especificadas e aplicadas, como alternativa tecnológica para avaliação de argamassas colantes. Porém, o potencial da configuração tradicional do ensaio de Squeeze Flow e a reometria rotacional foram pouco explorados neste tipo de argamassa. Neste estudo foi necessário empreender ajustes de configuração. O objetivo desta dissertação foi o de aplicar métodos de caracterização reológica em argamassas colantes de mercado (ACI e ACIII) de certo fabricante e ACI formulada em laboratório composta por areias com morfologias diferentes que permitissem identificar suas características relevantes no estado fresco, avaliar a influência dos parâmetros experimentais do método de Squeeze Flow (principalmente em relação à configuração e parâmetros), avaliar a adesividade das argamassas no estado fresco e aplicar o método de reometria rotacional para avaliação das energias de mistura e reológica. Os experimentos para avaliação das configurações e parâmetros do ensaio de Squeeze Flow e Pull Out Flow mostraram que tais métodos foram sensíveis para diferenciar as argamassas e refletiram o que, na prática, é percebido: ACIII (Argamassa Colante do Tipo III) tem maior consistência que ACI (Argamassa 7 Colante do Tipo I), além de mostrar que são sensíveis às diferentes taxas de deslocamento, teores de água e morfologia de agregados. Já a reometria rotacional mostrou-se sensível para identificar e diferenciar a cinética de mistura das argamassas colantes ACI e ACIII. Os resultados indicaram que o tempo de mistura de 150 segundos foi eficiente e suficiente para homogeneizar e estabilizar as argamassas testadas, e que a argamassa do tipo ACI apresenta maior dificuldade de mistura e resulta em uma suspensão com maior viscosidade e tensão de escoamento do que a argamassa ACIII. Por fim, a aplicação dos métodos de caracterização reológica em argamassas ACI compostas por areias com morfologias diferentes, indicou que o método de Squeeze Flow mostrou ser sensível para diferentes teores de água, em argamassas compostas por areia artificial. As curvas de carga de compressão da argamassa ACI com areia artificial mostraram serem superiores às formuladas argamassas com areia natural, indicando que, com a mesma proporção de insumos e teor de água (volume), as argamassas não possuem perfis reológicos similares. / Adhesive mortars are products constituted of natural or artificial sand, binder (cement) and chemical additives which serve as an adhesive for laying floor and wall tiles. From the rheological point of view, the adhesive mortar is a multiphase material consisting of a paste that coats mineral aggregates. Currently, the only test done is the slip test, which has low cost and has a relatively easy execution. The disadvantage of this method is not to have a good repeatability and is not sufficient to evaluate products in fresh state. Thus, techniques of rheologic characterization (flow squeeze, pull out flow and rotational rheometry) were applied as technologic alternatives for evaluation of adhesive mortars. However, the potential of the traditional configuration of the Squeeze Flow test and rotational rheometry were not explored in this type of product due to the requirement of configuration settings. The purpose of this dissertation is to apply advanced methods for rheological characterization of adhesive mortars in order to identify important characteristics of fresh-state application; evaluation of the influence of the squeeze-flow experimental method (mainly due to configuration and parameters); applied rheometry techniques to evaluate the mixing energy; and to evaluate the adhesiveness of fresh mortars. The evaluation of the configuration and parameters of the Squeeze Flow and Pull Out Flow showed that the methods were sensible enough to differentiate mortars in the same way that is perceived in practice: ACIII has greater consistency than ACI, also shows that are sensitive to different rates of displacement, water content and morphology of aggregates. The mixing and rotational rheometry showed that the method is sensitive to identify and differentiate the kinetics of mixing for ACI and ACIII mortars. The results indicate that the mixing time of 150 seconds was effective to homogenize and disperse the mortars. The mixing and flow torque values are higher for ACI than for ACIII, indicating that ACI is more difficult to be mixed and has a higher viscosity and yield stress than ACIII.
7

Výzkum nových elektrokeramických struktur pro nové aplikace senzorů / An investigation of novel electroceramic structures for new sensor applications

Nan, Bo Unknown Date (has links)
Piezoelektrické keramické materiály jsou široce používány v mnoha aplikacích a průmyslových odvětvích, nicméně tradiční materiály obvykle obsahují olovo, které je toxické vůči životnímu prostředí. Většina zemí proto zavedla zákony a omezení, které postupně minimalizují spotřebu olova a podporují výzkum v oblasti bezolovnatých kompozic, které by nahradily olověné protějšky. Bezolovnatá piezoelektrická keramika se tak stala žhavým tématem v posledních letech. Nicméně výzkumy na praktické využití bezolovnatých piezoelektrických materiálů jsou jen zřídka publikovány. V této diplomové práci byl vybrán jeden z nadějných kandidátů na piezoelektrickou bezolovnatou keramiku (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 za účelem zkoumání metody snížení jeho vysoké teploty slinování pomocí dotování uhličitanem lithným, kde syntéza prášku byla připravená pomocí techniky sol-gel. Výsledky byly srovnány s konvenčním práškem syntetizovaným v pevné fázi. Vzorky vyrobené ze sol-gel prášku dopovaného 0.5% hmotn. uhličitanem lithným a slinované při 1300 °C po dobu 2 hodin vykazovaly d33 = 447 ± 9 pC N–1, teplotu Curie 98.7 °C a velikost zrn 7.0 ± 0.3 m. Další důležitou otázkou pro aplikace bezolovnatého piezoelektrického keramického materiálu je jeho výroba v různých konfiguracích. Použitím techniky odlévání pásky a aditivních výrobních postupů byla piezoelektrická keramika zpracována do tří různých konfigurací (2-2, 3-3 a 1-3), aby se překlenula mezera mezi materiálovými vědami a materiálovým inženýrstvím. Pro dolévání pásky byly použity suspenze na bázi oleje a vody. Pro přípravu neslinutých keramických fólií bez trhlin, byly pro odlévání na bázi oleje vyvinuty uhlíkové suspenze s obsahem pevných látek 25% hmotn. a BCZT suspenze s obsahem pevných látek 65% hmotn. Problém práškové hydrolýzy ve vodných suspenzích byl vyřešen povrchovou úpravou prášku Al(H2PO4)3, což umožnilo, aby byly tlusté vrstvy bez trhlin odlety v jednom kroku. Tlusté vrstvy slinované při 1500 °C vykazovaly relativní dielektrickou konstantu 1207, dielektrickou ztrátu 0.018 při 1 kHz, remanentní polarizaci 7.54 µC/cm2 a koercitivní síla intenzity pole (Ec) 0.23 kV/mm při 3 kV/mm. Pro tvarování BCZT v konfiguraci 3-3 a 1-3 byla použita přímá metoda tisknutí inkoustu. Pro správnou úpravu tiskového procesu byla použita inkoustová náplň s viskoelastickým chováním obsahující 41.6% obj. pevných látek BCZT a se zpracovatelskými přísadami (HPMC ~ 2.4% a PEI ~ 0.03%). Vzorky v konfiguraci 3-3, slinované při 1500 °C, vykazovaly nejvyšší dielektrické a piezoelektrické vlastnosti, kde Curieho teplota = 86 °C, tan = 0.021, remanentní polarizace = 4.56 µC/cm2 a d33 = 100 ± 4 pC/N. Vzorky v konfiguraci 1-3 slinované při 1500 °C, které byly smíchány s epoxidem, vykazovaly dielektrickou konstantu 144 a dielektrickou ztrátu 0.035 při 1 kHz. Tato práce popisuje tvarování bezolovnaté piezoelektrické keramiky s vynikajícími vlastnostmi v pokročilých strukturách jako krok k návrhu pro moderní senzorické a energy harvesting aplikace.

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