O plasma de quarks e glúons é uma previsão da cromodinâmica quântica e experimentos em aceleradores de alta energia têm encontrado evidências experimentais de sua criação em colisões de íons pesados relativísticos. Uma dessas evidências foi proposta por Matsui e Satz [1] que prevê a supressão de estados de heavy quarkonium na existência deste plasma. Este projeto tem como objetivo obter a seção de choque da produção de no experimento STAR em colisões p+p e d+Au com energia no centro de massa de 200GeV e calcular o fator de modificação nuclear Rab. Para tal, foi necessário reconstruir os através de seu decaimento leptônico. Os subdetectores do STAR utilizados foram o TPC e BEMC. Os valores encontrados para seção de choque foram de 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)p+p= 84 ±9(stat)+18-19(sist)pb e 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)d + Au = 41 ± 4(stat) +7-8(sist)nb para as produções pp2009 e dAu2008, respectivamente. Os valores se encontram compatíveis com os teóricos calculados pelo modelo de evaporação de cor. O Rab experimental vale 1.24 ± 0.18(stat)+0.35 0.38(sist). / The quark and gluon plasma is a prediction of QCD, and high energy experiments have studied evidences of its creation in relativistic heavy ion collisions. One of these evidences was proposed by Matsui and Satz [1] that provides a experimental signature of the creation of the plasma, observing an anomalous supression on the heavy quarkonium production. This project aims to get production cross section in the STAR experiment in collisions p+p and d+Au with energy in the center of mass of 200GeV and calculate the nuclear modification factor Rab. To this end, it was necessary to reconstruct the from his leptonic decay. The subsystems used in this analysis were the TPC, BEMC and the heavy quarkonia trigger system. The values for the cross sections were 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)p+p= 84 ±9(stat)+18-19(sist)pb and 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)d + Au = 41 ± 4(stat) +7-8(sist)nb for pp2009 and dAu2008 productions, respectively. These values are compatible with the theoretical calculated by the color evaporation model. The determined value for the factor Rab was 1.24 ± 0.18(stat)+0.35 0.38(sist).

O plasma de quarks e glúons é uma previsão da cromodinâmica quântica e experimentos em aceleradores de alta energia têm encontrado evidências experimentais de sua criação em colisões de íons pesados relativísticos. Uma dessas evidências foi proposta por Matsui e Satz [1] que prevê a supressão de estados de heavy quarkonium na existência deste plasma. Este projeto tem como objetivo obter a seção de choque da produção de no experimento STAR em colisões p+p e d+Au com energia no centro de massa de 200GeV e calcular o fator de modificação nuclear Rab. Para tal, foi necessário reconstruir os através de seu decaimento leptônico. Os subdetectores do STAR utilizados foram o TPC e BEMC. Os valores encontrados para seção de choque foram de 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)p+p= 84 ±9(stat)+18-19(sist)pb e 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)d + Au = 41 ± 4(stat) +7-8(sist)nb para as produções pp2009 e dAu2008, respectivamente. Os valores se encontram compatíveis com os teóricos calculados pelo modelo de evaporação de cor. O Rab experimental vale 1.24 ± 0.18(stat)+0.35 0.38(sist). / The quark and gluon plasma is a prediction of QCD, and high energy experiments have studied evidences of its creation in relativistic heavy ion collisions. One of these evidences was proposed by Matsui and Satz [1] that provides a experimental signature of the creation of the plasma, observing an anomalous supression on the heavy quarkonium production. This project aims to get production cross section in the STAR experiment in collisions p+p and d+Au with energy in the center of mass of 200GeV and calculate the nuclear modification factor Rab. To this end, it was necessary to reconstruct the from his leptonic decay. The subsystems used in this analysis were the TPC, BEMC and the heavy quarkonia trigger system. The values for the cross sections were 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)p+p= 84 ±9(stat)+18-19(sist)pb and 3i=1 (nS)e-e+(nS)d + Au = 41 ± 4(stat) +7-8(sist)nb for pp2009 and dAu2008 productions, respectively. These values are compatible with the theoretical calculated by the color evaporation model. The determined value for the factor Rab was 1.24 ± 0.18(stat)+0.35 0.38(sist).

Apresentaremos um estudo sobre a produção inclusiva de hádrons em colisões próton-próton (pp), através do espectro pT do momento transverso dos hádrons produzidos. É esperado que em regiões de grande densidade de glúons, que come çam a serem provadas por aceleredores de grande energia, a abordagem tradicional da QCD perturbativa não seja su ciente. Tal regime é caracterizado por fortes campos de cor descritos pela teoria efetiva do condensado de vidro de cor (CGC), mais apropriado neste caso para descrever os observáveis. Consideramos também uma possível extensão do modelo colinear, obtida pela adição de uma distribuição gaussiana inicial, que considera um momento transverso intrínsico anterior à interação dos pártons. Tal abordagem pode corrigir as de ciências do modelo colinear sem que tenhamos que recorrer ao CGC em algumas regiões cinemáticas. O modelo colinear é baseado na consagrada evolução DGLAP das funções de distribuição de pártons, prevendo uma forma de fatorização para calcularmos as seções de choque. Mas, quando consideramos regiões de grande densidade, é provável que outra forma de evolução governe a dinâmica das funções de onda hadrônica, levando estas até um regime saturado. Adentrando nesta região incerta, o modelo de fatorização colinear não é satisfatório e devemos considerar outras formas menos estabelecidas para gerar previsões sobre o espectro pT. Como resultado deste trabalho, comparamos estas abordagens distintas e as confrontamos com dados experimentais do RHIC e LHC. / We present a study of single inclusive hadron production in proton-proton collisions (pp) through the spectra of the transverse moment pT of the produced hadrons. It is expected that in regions of high density of gluons, which begin to be probed by high energy accelerators, the traditional approach of perturbative QCD is not enough. Such a regime is characterized by strong color elds described by the e ective theory of color glass condensate (CGC), more appropriate in this case to describe the observables. We also consider a possible extension of the collinear model, given by the addition of an initial Gaussian distribution, which considers an intrinsic transverse moment prior to the interaction of the partons. Such approach can correct the limitation of the collinear model without having to appeal to CGC in some kinematic regions. The collinear model is based on the established DGLAP evolution of the parton distribution functions, which provides a form of factorization to calculate the cross sections. But when we consider regions of high density, it is likely that another form of evolution governs the dynamics of the hadronic wave functions, guiding them to a saturated regime. Advancing in this uncertain region, the collinear factorization model does not work and we must consider less well-established ways to generate predictions about the pT spectrum. We compare these distinct theoretical approaches and confront their results against the RHIC and LHC data.

Title: Study of jet production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC Author: Mgr. Zuzana Barnovská Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor: RNDr. Jana Bielčíková, Ph.D., Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR Abstract: The goal of this thesis is to study strange particles (Λ, ¯Λ a K0 S) in jets at the energy of √ sNN = 200 GeV in d+Au and Au+Au collisions measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC in 2007 and 2008. After the application of geometrical and topological limits, jets were reconstructed with the kT and anti- kT jet algorithms and special selection criteria for strange particles were applied. Ratios of the production of strange baryons and mesons in jets were calculated and compared to previous results of inclusive V0 particle production measured by the STAR experiment. Study of centrality dependence of these ratios was performed and compared to values in d+Au collisions. Keywords: jets, d+Au collisions, Au+Au collisions, STAR, RHIC 1

Neste trabalho investigamos a produçaõ de pares de leptons( lepton-antil epton) em colisões proton-proton e proton-núcleo para energias dos aceleradores Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) e Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Estes processos de colisão podem ser dividos entre antes e depois do espalhamento, portanto, pode-se analisar os efeitos de estado inicial e de estado nal. No estado nal do processo de colisão, para os aceleradores aqui apresentados, a quantidade de part culas produzidas e muito grande, de forma que uma part cula produzida no processo de espalhamento, que participe da interação forte, pode interagir com este meio antes de ser detectada. Entretanto, e fundamental uma determinação precisa do estado inicial do processo de colisão para que assim a investigação da produção de particulas no estado nal possa ser realizada. Neste contexto, a produção de pares de leptons (dileptons Drell-Yan) possui grande relevância, tendo em vista que não participa da interaçaõ forte, logo pode ser detectada sem sofrer efeitos de estado nal, carregando informações claras do estado inicial do processo de colisão. Para energias de RHIC e LHC, a densidada de quarks e gl uons nos h adrons colisores e muito grande, de tal forma que efeitos de estado inicial de alta densidade podem ser percebidos na produçaõ de partículas no estado nal. Este e o principal objetivo desta tese, utilizar os dileptons como observ avel para investigar os efeitos de alta densidade, ou seja, efeitos de unitariedade em colis~oes pr oton-pr oton, efeitos de saturação partônica descritos pelo Condensado de Vidros de Cor em colisões próton-núcleo. Além destes efeitos, os efeitos nucleares de baixa densidade, presentes em colisões próton-núcleo, também são investigados. Ou seja, utiliza-se um observável eletromagnético, para investigar as propriedades da QCD em colisões hadrônicas. Mais especi camente, as distribuições de momentum transverso e rapidez são investigadas para energias de RHIC e LHC. A produção de dileptons e calculada utilizando o formalismo de dipolos de cor e tamb em a teoria do Condensado de Vidros de cor. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese mostram a potencialidade deste observ avel para se investigar a QCD de alta densidade e indicam a urgente necessidade de medidas com relação a este observável nos experimentos existentes em colisões hadrônicas para altas energias. / In this work, the lepton pair production (lepton-antilepton) in proton-proton and protonnucleus collisions is investigated for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) colliders energies. These collisions processes can be classi ed between before and after the scattergins, therefore, initial and nal states e ects can be analyzed. In the nal stare, for the colliders here presented, the number of produced particles is large, then a particle produced in the scattering process, which interact strogly, could interact with the medium before being detected. However, it is very important to determine the initial state of the collision process, thus to determine the particle production in the nal state. In this context, the lepton pair production (dileptons Drell-Yan), which does not interact strolgly, should carry indisturbed information about the inicial state system of the collision process. For RHIC and LHC, the quarks and gluons hadrons densities in the initial state of the collision processes is large, such that high density initial state e ects should a ect the particle production in the nal state. This is the main goal of this thesis, use the dilepron production to investigate the high density e exts. This implies in to investigate the unitarity e ects in the proton-proton collisions, the Color Glass Condensate in the proton-nucleus collisions. Moreover, the low density e ects in proton-nucleus collisions are under investigation in this thesis. The main point of this thesis, is that a eletromagnetic observable is considered to investigare the properties of the QCD in hadronic collisions. Speci cally, the transverse momentum and the rapidity distributions are investigated. The dilepton production is evaluated by means of the dipole picture and through the Color Glass Condensate theory. The results obtained in this thesis show that dilepton production is an observable that deserves to be measured in the hadronic colliders at high energies, once it carries clear informations about the QCD system at high density.

Le méson J/psi est considéré comme une sonde privilégiée de la formation du Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (PQG) lors des collisions d'ions lourds. L'écrantage de la force de couleur a été proposé comme mécanisme de suppression anormale du J/psi dans un milieu déconfiné, au-delà de la suppression normale dans la matière nucléaire ordinaire. Le détecteur PHENIX est, des quatre expériences qui furent installées au démarrage de l'accélérateur RHIC, celle qui a une conception optimale pour la mesure du J/psi : dans les canaux de décroissance en dimuon à rapidité vers l'avant, et en dielectron à mi-rapidié. Le travail présenté ici couvre l'analyse de données prises par les spectromètres à mi-rapidité de PHENIX en collisions Au+Au à 200~GeV. Le facteur de modification nucléaire est mesuré en fonction de la centralité, et ensuite comparé à des estimations de la suppression due à la matière nucléaire froide. Malgré le fait que la suppression observée dans les collisions les plus centrales atteint un facteur plus grand que trois, une majeure partie peut être attribuée aux effets nucléaires froids. D'autre part, la comparaison avec les résultats des mesures effectuées au SPS du CERN et vers l'avant dans PHENIX a conduit à la spéculation que la régénération, un mécanisme de production des J/psi par association de quarks c et c-bar non corrélés, pourrait jouer un rôle important dans les collisions d'ion lourds les plus centraux. Le flot elliptique du J/psi en fonction de pT, une autre mesure présentée dans ce travail, est un outil potentiel pour tester le scénario de la régénération. Malgré l'obstacle statistique, la mesure est une démonstration de la faisabilité d'une mesure du flot elliptique dans un environnement à haute multiplicité.

Un des objectifs principaux de l'expérience PHENIX est l'étude de la matière nucléaire soumise à des conditions extrêmes de température et de densité d'énergie. Dans les collisions ultra-relativistes Au+Au à 200 GeV par paires de nucléon, il serait possible de former un état de la matière pour lequel les quarks et les gluons ne seraient plus liés au sein des nucléons mais pourraient évoluer de façon quasi-libre sur des distances plus grandes que la taille caractéristique de ces derniers. Cet état est dénommé le Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (QGP). L'étude de la production du J/psi, particule lourde formée d'une paire de quarks charme (c et c_bar), est une des sondes initialement proposée pour étudier le QGP. Une suppression de la production du $\jpsi$ était en effet attendue en présence d'un QGP, en raison de l'écrantage du potentiel de liaison entre les quarks charme le constituant par la présence du milieu dense coloré environnant. De nombreuses mesures du $\jpsi$ ont eu lieu depuis au SPS (CERN) et à RHIC (BNL). Elles ont permis de mettre en évidence non seulement l'existence d'une telle suppression, mais également la présence de mécanismes supplémentaires, rendant plus difficile l'interprétation des résultats correspondants. L'expérience PHENIX est la seule des quatre expériences de RHIC capable de mesurer le J\psi à rapidité positive via sa désintégration en deux muons. En 2007 des collisions Au+Au à une énergie par paire de nucléons dans le centre de masse \sqrt{s_{NN}}=200 GeV ont été réalisées à BNL, ce qui a permis d'augmenter d'un facteur quatre la statistique disponible pour l'étude du $\jpsi$ par rapport aux résultats publiés précédemment. Cette augmentation, ajoutée à la mise en oeuvre de nouveaux détecteurs dans PHENIX, a permis de préciser les mesures précédentes, et de mesurer des observables jusqu'alors inaccessibles telles que l'asymétrie azimutale de la production du J\psi, une grandeur qui devrait permettre de distinguer certains des mécanismes de cette production. Ce manuscrit présente la compréhension actuelle de la production de quarkonia et l'utilisation de cette sonde dans l'étude du QGP. En particulier, la mesure du flot elliptique peut contraindre notre connaissance du milieu formé. L'analyse conduisant à la première mesure de l'anisotropie azimutale du $\jpsi$ à rapidité positive dans les collisions Au+Au à 200~GeV par paire de nucléons est détaillée. Cette mesure devrait permettre de préciser le mécanisme de production du méson, en particulier en ce qui concerne la part de recombinaison des quarks $c$ en $\jpsi$.

Parmi les signatures proposées pour l'observation du plasma de quarks et de gluons (PQG), l'une des plus prometteuses est la suppression des résonances quark-antiquark de saveurs lourdes par effet d'écran de couleur. Les premières mesures auprès du SPS du CERN ont montré une "suppression anormale" de la production du J/psi (résonance ccbar) dans les collisions centrales. La mesure de cette production dans différents systèmes et à différentes énergies de collisions pourrait permettre de conclure quant à la formation du PQG. Cette recherche se poursuit maintenant auprès de l'accélérateur RHIC, dont l'énergie dans le centre de masse est dix fois supérieure à celle obtenue au SPS.Le travail exposé dans cette thèse porte sur l'étude de la production du J/psi mesuré via son mode de déintégration e! n paires de muons, par l'expéience PHENIX dans les collisions Au-Au à 200 GeV par paire de nucléons. L'étude de la production du J/psi en fonction de la centralité des collisions montre une suppression d'un facteur 3 dans les collisions les plus centrales par rapport à la simple proportionalité avec le nombre de collisions binaires nucléon-nucléon.Pour comparer les résultats obtenus dans les collisions or-or à ceux des collisions proton-proton, les "effets nucléaires froids" doivent être pris en compte. Ils ne suffisent pas à expliquer la suppression observée, suggèrant l'existence de mécanismes supplémentaires. Les modèles qui prennent en compte la recombinaison du J/psi semblent mieux reproduire cette suppression. Néanmoins, l'ensemble de ces résultats est compatible avec le scénario selon lequel seules les résonances chi_c et psi' subissent l'écrantage de couleur.

The experiments performed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab have discovered a state of matter called the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP). The strong coupling has limited the ability of the standard theory to describe such matter, namely Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). However, string theory's anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence has provided a new way to study the situation and in an analytical manner. So far, hydrodynamic properties of RHIC's plasma, such as elliptic flow and longitudinal expansion, have been seen to follow from classical supergravity calculations. In this dissertation I discuss some of the field's development as well as the research done by the author and collaborators.

The Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is a form of matter in which quarks and gluons are deconfined, and was suggested to be formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Since the discovery of high-pT hadron suppression in central Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), and the related discovery of the quenching of the away-side jet in these collisions, the role of jets as key probes of the QGP was re-affirmed. The Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC (STAR) detector system, which is suited for jet studies because of its large solid-angle coverage, has produced a number of interesting jet measurements in recent years, including gamma-jet measurements, attempts at full heavy-ion jet reconstruction, and two-dimensional correlations. A long-range correlation in pseudorapidity (the ?Ridge?) was studied (with statistical significance) out to pT^trig. <? 7 GeV /c and was assumed to have an integrated yield independent of pT^trig. Further studies out to higher pT were limited by the minimum biased statistics taken in Run 4 (2004) with STAR. This work presents results of a ridge analysis with (non-reconstructed) pi0s and direct-gamma-rich triggers out to ?13.5 GeV /c in pT^trig. Using triggered data from Run 7 (2007) and Run 10 (2010) Au+Au collisions detected with STAR. Preliminary results seem to indicate that the ridge yield decreases with pT^trig., and that the ridge yield for direct-?-rich triggers is consistent with zero.