La tesi affronta il tema del diritto di controllo del socio di s.r.l., sviluppando, nel primo capitolo, l'analisi dell'evoluzione storico-normativa del diritto di controllo individuale. Dopo aver esposto le elaborazioni dottrinali che hanno esaminato la diversa estensione quali-quantitativa del diritto in questione nelle sue diverse manifestazioni, dall'art. 2261 c.c. fino all'art. 2422 c.c., si rintraccia nella posizione del socio amministrato rispetto alla vocazione ad amministrare l'elemento capace di determinare la misura e il contenuto del controllo nei differenti tipi sociali. Il rapporto tra l'ampiezza del diritto di controllo e la qualità di socio amministrato nelle differenti tipologie societarie può essere letto in termini di proporzionalità diretta: il diritto di controllo, infatti, è tanto più ampio quanto maggiore è lo spazio riservato, seppur in potenza, al socio nel governo della società. L'estensione massima del diritto in esame, in attesa di una riforma della disciplina delle società di persone, è raggiunta nell'art. 2476, secondo comma, c.c. e la ratio di una tale ampiezza del diritto di controllo si rinviene nella volontà del legislatore di livellare la posizione del socio amministrato di s.r.l. su quella del socio amministratore, almeno sotto il profilo dell'accesso all'informazione. Oggetto del secondo capitolo è l'estensione contenutistica del controllo, l'indagine del rapporto tra controllo e informazione e l'analisi dell'attività di controllo in termini di processo che si articola in più fasi. Ciò chiarito si aprono una serie di problemi che riguardano principalmente quanta e quale informazione dare o permettere di acquisire ed entro quali limiti. A tal proposito l'analisi giunge alla conclusione secondo cui il diritto in questione non incontra nessun limite salvo quello, seppur non espresso, della buona fede. Nel terzo capitolo si leggono le riflessioni in merito ai soggetti coinvolti nello scambio informativo disciplinato dall'art. 2476, secondo comma, c.c. e i possibili risvolti patologici del rapporto tra il singolo socio non amministratore e gli amministratori, individuati nel loro insieme (salvo il caso di amministratore unico), in qualità di soggetti tenuti a fornire le informazioni richieste e a consentire la consultazione. L'analisi si conclude, nel quarto capitolo, con una serie di argomentazioni sul tema del rapporto tra l'autonomia statutaria e il diritto di controllo. L'inderogabilità del diritto in questione è affermata sulla base di argomentazioni tratte dall'intera disciplina della s.r.l., dal rinnovato ruolo che l'informazione assume nel tipo sociale in esame come valore fondante che contribuisce a delineare il nuovo ruolo del socio che non partecipa all'amministrazione, nonché dall'individuazione di alcune norme in cui l'informazione è sottintesa o espressamente richiesta. / The object of the study is the shareholder's right of control in the Italian limited liability company ( s.r.l. ). In the first chapter this right is analysed focusing on the historical development of relevant laws. The element capable of determining the extent and the content of the control in the different types of company has to be individuated in the position of the managed shareholder compared to the vocation to manage the company. The relationship between the extent of the right of control and the quality of managed shareholder in the different types of company can be read in term of direct proportionality: the right of control, in fact, is as wider as the space potentially reserved to the shareholder in the management of the company is greater. Maximum extent of the mentioned right, pending a reform of the partnerships, is reached in art. 2476, second subparagraph, Italian civil code ( c.c. ). The legislator would to level the position of the managed shareholder of s.r.l. to that one of the managing shareholder, at least regarding the right to access information. The second chapter deals with the extent of the content of control, the survey of the relationship between control and information and the analysis of control activity in term of process articulating in more stages. This clarification opens a series of issues which concern mainly how much and what information the directors must give or permit to acquire and within what limits. In this respect the analysis concludes that the right in object has not any limits except that one, although not expressed, of good faith. In third chapter we read the comments with regard to subjects involved in the exchange of information governed by art. 2476, second subparagraph, c.c., and the possible pathological aspects of the relationship between each non managing shareholder and directors, identified as a whole (except in the case of sole director), and in quality of persons liable to provide the information required and to allow consultations. The analysis concludes, in the last chapter, with a series of arguments about the relationship between the right granted to the shareholder in determining the Bylaw and the right of control. The unavoidability of the right in object is established on the basis of arguments drawn from the whole discipline of s.r.l., from the renewed role that the information takes within s.r.l. as founding value that contributes to outline the new role of the shareholder who is not director, as well as from identification of certain rules where information is implied or expressly requested.

The authors analyze the exercise of the power of controlregarding new technologies of information. Particularly, the use of GPs Tracking as a tool that the employer relies on to verify that workers fulfill their work. Firstly, the authors explain how these technologies are used at workplaces and their lack of regulation in Peruvian Law. Then, they explain the conditions necessary for not violating the workers’fundamental rights when using this tool. Finally, they discuss the case law and precedents, as well as cases seen by theNational Labour Authority. / Los autores analizan el ejercicio de la facultad de fiscalización a partir de las nuevas tecnologías de la información. en concreto, al uso del GPS como herramienta de la que se vale el empleador para cerciorarse que el trabajador cumple con sus labores. en primer lugar, se hace una explicación sobre el uso de estas tecnologías en el ámbito laboral y su falta de previsión por la normativa peruana. A continuación, explican las condiciones necesarias para que el ejercicio del GPS no vulnere los derechos fundamentales del trabajador. Finalmente, se analiza las decisiones y precedentes en la jurisprudencia, así como los casos vistos por la Superintendencia Nacional de Fiscalización Laboral.

In the context of an international carriage of goods by sea contract, the consignees and endorsees are the two important categories of the parties whom their rights and liabilities have not been legislated for in any international carriage of goods by sea convention until the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules. The truth is that, in contrast to the rights and the correlative liabilities and obligations of the shippers and carriers, the rights and liabilities of the consignees and endorsees have always been dealt with by the domestic and national laws. However, the Rotterdam Rules, with the goals of promoting legal certainty, improving the efficiency of international carriage of goods and harmonization and modernization of the carriage rules, for the first time at an international level, have attempted to regulate the provisions governing the rights and liabilities of the latter parties. Thus, the application of the Rotterdam Rules, in case they gain the force of law, will be broader than any other international maritime convention. Therefore, this has compelled the necessity of carrying out a profound and detailed critical analysis of the new, and somewhat innovative, regulations, since the impact of the application of the Convention on the existing carriage of goods by sea rules, both nationally and internationally will be crucially significant. The UK as one of the major actors of the maritime industry has a long-established set of rules particularly in the field of rights and liabilities of the parties, both in the common law and statutory senses, governing the carriage of goods by sea affairs for centuries. This thesis aims to evaluate the relevant provisions of the Rotterdam Rules by way of comparison with their corresponding rules of the English law in order to find out whether these new sets of regulations can establish a reliable source of reference for the consignees and endorsees who wish to ascertain their rights and become aware of their obligations and liabilities. In other words, the main objective of this study is to examine whether the Rotterdam Rules clearly define and specify the rights and liabilities of the consignees and endorsees to a contract of carriage of goods by sea. Further, it is going to investigate whether the Convention succeed in achieving its goals with respect to the rights and liabilities of these parties. Also, ratification of the Rotterdam Rules is believed to have a significant impact on the English maritime law and therefore, the question whether it is reasonable for the UK to ratify the Convention will be answered in this research. It is suggested that the findings of this thesis in addition to the solutions proposed to solve the difficulties, ambiguity and complexity of the existing rules, will be of assist to the UK authorities as well as the legislative bodies in other jurisdictions in order to obtain a more effective decision on the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules. This study ends with illustrating an alarming vision of the future of maritime law which will be largely affected by the evolution of smart technologies in the shipping industry.