Phase partitioning during freezing of hydrometeors affects the transport and distribution of volatile chemical species in convective clouds. Here, the development, evaluation, and application of a mechanistic model for the study and prediction of partitioning of volatile chemical during steady-state hailstone growth are discussed. The model estimates the fraction of a chemical species retained in a two-phase growing hailstone. It is based upon mass rate balances over water and solute for constant accretion under wet-growth conditions. Expressions for the calculation of model components, including the rates of super-cooled drop collection, shedding, evaporation, and hail growth were developed and implemented based on available cloud microphysics literature. A modified Monte Carlo simulation approach was applied to assess the impact of chemical, environmental, and hail specific input variables on the predicted retention ratio for six atmospherically relevant volatile chemical species, namely, SO2, H2O2, NH3, HNO3, CH2O, and HCOOH. Single input variables found to influence retention are the ice-liquid interface supercooling, the mass fraction liquid water content of the hail, and the chemical specific effective Henry's constant (and therefore pH). The fraction retained increased with increasing values of all these variables. Other single variables, such as hail diameter, shape factor, and collection efficiency were found to have negligible effect on solute retention in the growing hail particle. The mean of separate ensemble simulations of retention ratios was observed to vary between 1.0x10-8 and 1, whilst the overall range for fixed values of individual input variables ranged from 9.0x10-7 to a high of 0.3. No single variable was found to control these extremes, but rather they are due to combinations of model input variables.

The purpose of the research presented here is to discover the central concept of "The Rhyming Poem," an Old English Christian work known only from a 10th-century manuscript, and to establish the poem's natural place in the body of Old English poetry. Existing critical literature shows little agreement about the poem's origin, vocabulary, plot, or first-person narrator, and no single translation has satisfactorily captured a sense of the poem's unity or of the purposeful vision behind it. The examination of text and context here shows that the Old English poet has created a unified vision in which religious teachings are artistically related through imagery and form. He worked in response to a particular set of conditions in early Church history, employing both pagan and Christian details to convey a message of the superiority of Christianity to idol-worship and, as well, of the validity of the Augustinian position on Original Sin over that of the heretical Pelagians.